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There is no unique way to encode a quantum algorithm into a quantum circuit. With limited qubit counts, connectivity, and coherence times, a quantum circuit optimization is essential to make the best use of near-term quantum devices. We…

The promise of quantum computing is closer to reality today than ever before, thanks to rapid progress in the development of quantum hardware. Even as qubit lifetimes and gate fidelities continue to improve, realizing robust, fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Vismay Joshi , Anubhab Rudra , Sourav Dutta , Siddharth Dhomkar , Prabha Mandayam

Quantum computing (QC) is a new paradigm offering the potential of exponential speedups over classical computing for certain computational problems. Each additional qubit doubles the size of the computational state space available to a QC…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-22 Wei Tang , Teague Tomesh , Martin Suchara , Jeffrey Larson , Margaret Martonosi

Over the last two decades, tremendous advances have been made for constructing large-scale quantum computers. In particular, the quantum processor architecture based on superconducting qubits has become the leading candidate for scalable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 He-Liang Huang , Dachao Wu , Daojin Fan , Xiaobo Zhu

The architecture scalability afforded by recent proposals of a large scale photonic based quantum computer, utilizing the theoretical developments of topological cluster states and the photonic chip, allows us to move on to a discussion of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-03 Simon J. Devitt , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

High-performance computing (HPC) has evolved over decades through multiple architectural transitions, from vector supercomputers to massively parallel CPU clusters and GPU-accelerated systems, continuously expanding the frontier of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Suman Raj , Siva Sai , Yogesh Simmhan , Kyle Chard , Rajkumar Buyya

Semiconductors, a significant type of material in the information era, are becoming more and more powerful in the field of quantum information. In the last decades, semiconductor quantum computation was investigated thoroughly across the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-03-04 Xin Zhang , Hai-Ou Li , Gang Cao , Ming Xiao , Guang-Can Guo , Guo-Ping Guo

Contemporary quantum computers encode and process quantum information in binary qubits (d = 2). However, many architectures include higher energy levels that are left as unused computational resources. We demonstrate a superconducting…

NISQ devices have several physical limitations and unavoidable noisy quantum operations, and only small circuits can be executed on a quantum machine to get reliable results. This leads to the quantum hardware under-utilization issue. Here,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Siyuan Niu , Aida Todri-Sanial

Quantum processors require rapid and high-fidelity simultaneous measurements of many qubits. While superconducting qubits are among the leading modalities toward a useful quantum processor, their readout remains a bottleneck. Traditional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Robert Kent , Benjamin Lienhard , Gregory Lafyatis , Daniel J. Gauthier

Researchers manipulate and measure quantum processing units via the classical electronics control system. We developed an open-source FPGA-based quantum bit control system called QubiC for superconducting qubits. After a few years of qubit…

Quantum computers face challenges due to hardware constraints, noise errors, and heterogeneity, and face fundamental design tradeoffs between key performance metrics such as \textit{quantum fidelity} and system utilization. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-16 Emmanouil Giortamis , Francisco Romão , Nathaniel Tornow , Pramod Bhatotia

Scaling the size of monolithic quantum computer systems is a difficult task. As the number of qubits within a device increases, a number of factors contribute to decreases in yield and performance. To meet this challenge, distributed…

Quantum computing promises to revolutionize several scientific and technological domains through fundamentally new ways of processing information. Among its most compelling applications is digital quantum simulation, where quantum computers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Laurin E. Fischer

Quantum computers are highly susceptible to errors due to unintended interactions with their environment. It is crucial to correct these errors without gaining information about the quantum state, which would result in its destruction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-22 Santiago Lopez , Jonathan Andrade Plascencia , Gabriel N. Perdue

Quantum computing offers unparalleled computational capabilities but faces significant challenges, including limited qubit counts, diverse hardware topologies, and dynamic noise and error rates, which hinder scalability and reliability.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-15 Zefan Du , Pedro Chumpitaz Flores , Wenqi Wei , Juntao Chen , Kaixun Hua , Ying Mao

In this paper, we provide a system level perspective on the design of control electronics for large scale quantum systems. Quantum computing systems with high-fidelity control and readout, coherent coupling, calibrated gates, and…

A scaled-up quantum computer will require a highly efficient control interface that autonomously manipulates and reads out large numbers of qubits, which for solid-state implementations are usually held at millikelvin (mK) temperatures.…

Quantum computation promises to advance a wide range of computational tasks. However, current quantum hardware suffers from noise and is too small for error correction. Thus, accurately utilizing noisy quantum computers strongly relies on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-16 Friedrich Wagner , Daniel J. Egger , Frauke Liers

In a quantum processor, the device design and external controls together contribute to the quality of the target quantum operations. As we continuously seek better alternative qubit platforms, we explore the increasingly large device and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-08 Xiaotong Ni , Hui-Hai Zhao , Lei Wang , Feng Wu , Jianxin Chen