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Graph convolutional neural networks (GCNNs) are a powerful extension of deep learning techniques to graph-structured data problems. We empirically evaluate several pooling methods for GCNNs, and combinations of those graph pooling methods…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-08 Mark Cheung , John Shi , Lavender Yao Jiang , Oren Wright , José M. F. Moura

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successfully leveraged for learning on graph-structured data across domains, several potential pitfalls have been described recently. Those include the inability to accurately leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Lukas Fesser , Melanie Weber

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have exhibited state-of-the-art performance across wide-range of domains such as recommender systems, material design, and drug repurposing. Yet message-passing GNNs suffer from over-squashing -- exponential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Danial Saber , Amirali Salehi-Abari

Graph Neural networks (GNNs) have recently become a powerful technique for many graph-related tasks including graph classification. Current GNN models apply different graph pooling methods that reduce the number of nodes and edges to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Muhammad Ifte Khairul Islam , Max Khanov , Esra Akbas

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved strong performance across a range of graph representation learning tasks, yet their adversarial robustness in graph classification remains underexplored compared to node classification. While most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Sofiane Ennadir , Oleg Smirnov , Yassine Abbahaddou , Lele Cao , Johannes F. Lutzeyer

\emph{Over-fitting} and \emph{over-smoothing} are two main obstacles of developing deep Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) for node classification. In particular, over-fitting weakens the generalization ability on small dataset, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Yu Rong , Wenbing Huang , Tingyang Xu , Junzhou Huang

We introduce BN-Pool, the first clustering-based pooling method for Graph Neural Networks that adaptively determines the number of supernodes in a coarsened graph. BN-Pool leverages a generative model based on a Bayesian nonparametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Daniele Castellana , Filippo Maria Bianchi

Graph pooling has been increasingly recognized as crucial for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to facilitate hierarchical graph representation learning. Existing graph pooling methods commonly consist of two stages: selecting top-ranked nodes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Chuang Liu , Wenhang Yu , Kuang Gao , Xueqi Ma , Yibing Zhan , Jia Wu , Bo Du , Wenbin Hu

Graph pooling compresses graph information into a compact representation. State-of-the-art graph pooling methods follow a hierarchical approach, which reduces the graph size step-by-step. These methods must balance memory efficiency with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Yunchong Song , Siyuan Huang , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on many graph analysis tasks such as node classification and link prediction. However, important unsupervised problems on graphs, such as graph clustering, have proved more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Anton Tsitsulin , John Palowitch , Bryan Perozzi , Emmanuel Müller

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for graph classification. One important operation for GNNs is the downsampling or pooling that can learn effective embeddings from the node representations. In this paper, we propose a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Zhehan Zhao , Lu Bai , Lixin Cui , Ming Li , Yue Wang , Lixiang Xu , Edwin R. Hancock

Graph Neural Networks are highly effective at learning from relational data, leveraging node and edge features while maintaining the symmetries inherent to graph structures. However, many real-world systems, such as social or biological…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Michael Banf , Dominik Filipiak , Max Schattauer , Liliya Imasheva

For deep learning problems on graph-structured data, pooling layers are important for down sampling, reducing computational cost, and to minimize overfitting. We define a pooling layer, nervePool, for data structured as simplicial…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Sarah McGuire Scullen , Ernst Röell , Elizabeth Munch , Bastian Rieck , Matthew Hirn

In recent years, Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have gained popularity for their exceptional ability to process graph-structured data. Existing GCN-based approaches typically employ a shallow model architecture due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jielong Lu , Zhihao Wu , Zhiling Cai , Yueyang Pi , Shiping Wang

Graph Machine Learning often involves the clustering of nodes based on similarity structure encoded in the graph's topology and the nodes' attributes. On homophilous graphs, the integration of pooling layers has been shown to enhance the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Amy Feng , Melanie Weber

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved a lot of success with graph-structured data. However, it is observed that the performance of GNNs does not improve (or even worsen) as the number of layers increases. This effect has known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Yeskendir Koishekenov

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown significant success for graph-based tasks. Motivated by the prevalence of large datasets in real-world applications, pooling layers are crucial components of GNNs. By reducing the size of input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Katharina Limbeck , Lydia Mezrag , Guy Wolf , Bastian Rieck

In node classification tasks, graph convolutional neural networks (GCNs) have demonstrated competitive performance over traditional methods on diverse graph data. However, it is known that the performance of GCNs degrades with increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Yujun Yan , Milad Hashemi , Kevin Swersky , Yaoqing Yang , Danai Koutra

Various methods to deal with graph data have been proposed in recent years. However, most of these methods focus on graph feature aggregation rather than graph pooling. Besides, the existing top-k selection graph pooling methods have a few…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Liang Zhang , Xudong Wang , Hongsheng Li , Guangming Zhu , Peiyi Shen , Ping Li , Xiaoyuan Lu , Syed Afaq Ali Shah , Mohammed Bennamoun

Oversmoothing is a common phenomenon observed in graph neural networks (GNNs), in which an increase in the network depth leads to a deterioration in their performance. Graph contrastive learning (GCL) is emerging as a promising way of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Jintang Li , Wangbin Sun , Ruofan Wu , Yuchang Zhu , Liang Chen , Zibin Zheng