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Affective computing strives to unveil the unknown relationship between affect elicitation, manifestation of affect and affect annotations. The ground truth of affect, however, is predominately attributed to the affect labels which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Konstantinos Makantasis , Kosmas Pinitas , Antonios Liapis , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Fine-grained Entity Typing is a tough task which suffers from noise samples extracted from distant supervision. Thousands of manually annotated samples can achieve greater performance than millions of samples generated by the previous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Sheng Lin , Luye Zheng , Bo Chen , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang , Fei Wu , Zhigang Chen , Guoping Hu , Xiang Ren

Manual evaluation is essential to judge progress on automatic text summarization. However, we conduct a survey on recent summarization system papers that reveals little agreement on how to perform such evaluation studies. We conduct two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Julius Steen , Katja Markert

Evaluating multi-paragraph clinical question answering (QA) systems is resource-intensive and challenging: accurate judgments require medical expertise and achieving consistent human judgments over multi-paragraph text is difficult. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Federica Bologna , Tiffany Pan , Matthew Wilkens , Yue Guo , Lucy Lu Wang

Manual annotation remains the gold standard for high-quality, dense temporal video datasets, yet it is inherently time-consuming. Vision-language models can aid human annotators and expedite this process. We report on the impact of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Juan Gutiérrez , Victor Gutiérrez , Ángel Mora , Silvia Rodriguez , José Luis Blanco

With the growing prevalence of large language models, it is increasingly common to annotate datasets for machine learning using pools of crowd raters. However, these raters often work in isolation as individual crowdworkers. In this work,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Sonja Schmer-Galunder , Ruta Wheelock , Scott Friedman , Alyssa Chvasta , Zaria Jalan , Emily Saltz

Automated test case generation is important. However, the automatically generated test input does not always make sense, and the automated assertion is difficult to validate against the program under test. In this paper, we propose…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Baoquan Cui , Rong Qu , Jian Zhang

Physiological signals hold immense potential for ubiquitous emotion monitoring, presenting numerous applications in emotion recognition. However, harnessing this potential is hindered by significant challenges, particularly in the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-30 Pragya Singh , Ritvik Budhiraja , Pankaj Jalote , Mohan Kumar , Pushpendra Singh

Any digital personal assistant, whether used to support task performance, answer questions, or manage work and daily life, including fitness schedules, requires high-quality annotations to function properly. However, user annotations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Andrea Bontempelli , Matteo Busso , Leonardo Javier Malcotti , Fausto Giunchiglia

In affective computing, datasets often contain multiple annotations from different annotators, which may lack full agreement. Typically, these annotations are merged into a single gold standard label, potentially losing valuable inter-rater…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ibrahim Shoer , Engin Erzin

Emotion is a crucial phenomenon in the functioning of human beings in society. However, it remains a widely open subject, particularly in its textual manifestations. This paper examines an industrial corpus manually annotated following an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jonas Noblet

We commonly use agreement measures to assess the utility of judgements made by human annotators in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. While inter-annotator agreement is frequently used as an indication of label reliability by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Gavin Abercrombie , Tanvi Dinkar , Amanda Cercas Curry , Verena Rieser , Dirk Hovy

Human annotation remains the foundation of reliable and interpretable data in Natural Language Processing (NLP). As annotation and evaluation tasks continue to expand, from categorical labelling to segmentation, subjective judgment, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Joseph James

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

We present a comprehensive survey on the use of annotations in information visualizations, highlighting their crucial role in improving audience understanding and engagement with visual data. Our investigation encompasses empirical studies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Bhavana Doppalapudi , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Paul Rosen

Stuttering is a complex disorder that requires specialized expertise for effective assessment and treatment. This paper presents an effort to enhance the FluencyBank dataset with a new stuttering annotation scheme based on established…

Aggregating multiple annotations into a single ground truth label may hide valuable insights into annotator disagreement, particularly in tasks where subjectivity plays a crucial role. In this work, we explore methods for identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Amir Homayounirad , Enrico Liscio , Tong Wang , Catholijn M. Jonker , Luciano C. Siebert

Text emotion detection constitutes a crucial foundation for advancing artificial intelligence from basic comprehension to the exploration of emotional reasoning. Most existing emotion detection datasets rely on manual annotations, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingyi Zhou , Senlin Luo , Haofan Chen

We present a lightweight annotation tool, the Data AnnotatoR Tool (DART), for the general task of labeling structured data with textual descriptions. The tool is implemented as an interactive application that reduces human efforts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Ernie Chang , Jeriah Caplinger , Alex Marin , Xiaoyu Shen , Vera Demberg

Annotation guidelines used to guide the annotation of training and evaluation datasets can have a considerable impact on the quality of machine learning models. In this study, we explore the effects of annotation guidelines on the quality…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Faiz Ali Shah , Kairit Sirts , Dietmar Pfahl