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This paper explores the coexistence possibilities of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and blockchain-based cryptocurrencies within a post-quantum computing landscape. It examines the implications of emerging quantum algorithms and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Abraham Itzhak Weinberg , Pythagoras Petratos , Alessio Faccia

With the advancement of digital payment technologies, central banks worldwide have increasingly begun to explore the implementation of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest…

General Economics · Economics 2025-07-15 Qifeng Tang , Yain-Whar Si

Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) have been implemented by only a handful of countries, but they are being explored by many more. CBDCs are digital currencies issued and backed by a central bank. Consumer trust can encourage or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Alex Zarifis , Xusen Cheng

The use of digital money has become increasingly popular, but it comes with certain drawbacks. For instance, it can be challenging to make payments during power outages or internet failures. Additionally, some groups may find it difficult…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Chenhang Zhou , Yu Chen , Roger Wattenhofer , Ye Wang

With the emergence of Bitcoin and recently proposed stablecoins from BigTechs, such as Diem (formerly Libra), central banks face growing competition from private actors offering their own digital alternative to physical cash. We do not…

General Economics · Economics 2021-03-02 David Chaum , Christian Grothoff , Thomas Moser

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a novel form of money that could be issued and regulated by central banks, offering benefits such as programmability, security, and privacy. However, the design of a CBDC system presents numerous…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ryan Bowler , Geoffrey Goodell , Joe Revans , Gabriel Bizama , Chris Speed

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) can be defined as a virtual currency based on node network and digital encryption algorithm issued by a country which has a legal credit protection. CBDCs are supported by Distributed Ledger Technologies…

Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are proposed as a public response to the uptake of privately run digital payments, with the digital euro, under development by the European Central Bank (ECB), serving as a prominent example. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Judith Senn , Aljosha Judmayer , Nicholas Stifter , Rainer Böhme

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a new form of money, issued by a country's or region's central bank, that can be used for a variety of payment scenarios. Depending on its concrete implementation, there are many participants in a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Makan Rafiee , Lars Hupel

We analyze the risks to bank intermediation following the introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) competing with commercial bank deposits as households' source of liquidity. We revisit the result in the literature regarding…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-06-17 Hanfeng Chen , Maria Elena Filippin

In this work, fundamental design principles for a central bank digital currency (CBDC) with an offline functionality and corresponding counter measures are discussed. We identify three major objectives for any such CBDC proposal:(i) Access…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 David-Alexandre Guiraud , Andrea Tundis , Marc Winstel

Money is more than just a numeric value. It embodies trust and moral gravity, and it offers flexible ways to transact. However, the emergence of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is set to bring about a drastic change in the future of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Ryan Bowler , Chris Speed , Geoffrey Goodell

Nations around the world are conducting research into the design of central bank digital currency (CBDC), a new, digital form of money that would be issued by central banks alongside cash and central bank reserves. Retail CBDC would be used…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Geoffrey Goodell , Hazem Danny Al-Nakib , Tomaso Aste

In an age of financial system digitisation and the increasing adoption of digital currencies, Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) have emerged as a focal point for technological innovation. Privacy compliance has become a key factor in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jeff Nijsse , Andrea Pinto

Blockchain technology has spawned a vast ecosystem of digital currencies with Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) -- digital forms of fiat currency -- being one of them. An important feature of digital currencies is facilitating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Panagiotis Michalopoulos , Anthony Mack , Cameron Clark , Linus Chen , Johannes Sedlmeir , Andreas Veneris

Recently, the invention of quantum computers was so revolutionary that they bring transformative challenges in a variety of fields, especially for the traditional cryptographic blockchain, and it may become a real thread for most of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Tatsuru Kikuchi

A digital currency is money in a digital form. In this model, maintaining integrity of the supply is a core concern, therefore protections against double-spending are often at the heart of a secure digital money scheme. Quantum money…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-09 Anne Broadbent , Raza Ali Kazmi , Cyrus Minwalla

The emergence of quantum computing presents profound challenges to existing cryptographic infrastructures, whilst the development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) has raised concerns regarding privacy preservation and excessive…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Serhan W. Bahar

Information and communication technologies are by now employed in most human activities, including economics and finance. Modern computers have reached an extraordinary power in terms of information processing, storage, retrieval, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Marco Bernardo , Federico Calandra , Andrea Esposito , Francesco Fabris

We analyse financial stability and welfare impacts associated with the introduction of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in a macroeconomic agent-based model. The model considers firms, banks, and households interacting on labour,…

General Economics · Economics 2025-10-29 Emilio Barucci , Andrea Gurgone , Giulia Iori , Michele Azzone
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