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The great advances of learning-based approaches in image processing and computer vision are largely based on deeply nested networks that compose linear transfer functions with suitable non-linearities. Interestingly, the most frequently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Peter Ochs , Tim Meinhardt , Laura Leal-Taixe , Michael Moeller

The implementation of analog neural network and online analog learning circuits based on memristive crossbar has been intensively explored in recent years. The implementation of various activation functions is important, especially for deep…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Meirambek Mukhametkhan , Olga Krestinskaya , Alex Pappachen James

Activation functions are non-linearities in neural networks that allow them to learn complex mapping between inputs and outputs. Typical choices for activation functions are ReLU, Tanh, Sigmoid etc., where the choice generally depends on…

Non-linear activation functions are crucial in Convolutional Neural Networks. However, until now they have not been well described in the frequency domain. In this work, we study the spectral behavior of ReLU, a popular activation function.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Christodoulos Kechris , Jonathan Dan , Jose Miranda , David Atienza

Activation functions play a vital role in the training of Convolutional Neural Networks. For this reason, to develop efficient and performing functions is a crucial problem in the deep learning community. Key to these approaches is to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Gianluca Maguolo , Loris Nanni , Stefano Ghidoni

Deep feedforward neural networks with piecewise linear activations are currently producing the state-of-the-art results in several public datasets. The combination of deep learning models and piecewise linear activation functions allows for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Zhibin Liao , Gustavo Carneiro

Researchers have proposed various activation functions. These activation functions help the deep network to learn non-linear behavior with a significant effect on training dynamics and task performance. The performance of these activations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Pravendra Singh , Munender Varshney , Vinay P. Namboodiri

This study introduces a novel activation function, characterized by a dynamic slope that adjusts throughout the training process, aimed at enhancing adaptability and performance in deep neural networks for computer vision tasks. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Archisman Chakraborti , Bidyut B Chaudhuri

We introduce a variational framework to learn the activation functions of deep neural networks. Our aim is to increase the capacity of the network while controlling an upper-bound of the actual Lipschitz constant of the input-output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Shayan Aziznejad , Harshit Gupta , Joaquim Campos , Michael Unser

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become the state-of-the-art tool for dealing with unsolved problems in computer vision and image processing. Since the convolution operator is a linear operator, several generalizations have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Kamyar Nasiri , Kamaledin Ghiasi-Shirazi

In this paper, we first identify activation shift, a simple but remarkable phenomenon in a neural network in which the preactivation value of a neuron has non-zero mean that depends on the angle between the weight vector of the neuron and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Takuro Kutsuna

Activation functions play an important role in training artificial neural networks. The majority of currently used activation functions are deterministic in nature, with their fixed input-output relationship. In this work, we propose a…

Recent advances in deep learning have pushed the performances of visual saliency models way further than it has ever been. Numerous models in the literature present new ways to design neural networks, to arrange gaze pattern data, or to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Alexandre Bruckert , Hamed R. Tavakoli , Zhi Liu , Marc Christie , Olivier Le Meur

Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) are proving to be a powerful paradigm in unifying task modeling across diverse data domains, offering key advantages such as memory efficiency and resolution independence. Conventional deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Amirhossein Kazerouni , Soroush Mehraban , Michael Brudno , Babak Taati

Loss functions are at the heart of deep learning, shaping how models learn and perform across diverse tasks. They are used to quantify the difference between predicted outputs and ground truth labels, guiding the optimization process to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Omar Elharrouss , Yasir Mahmood , Yassine Bechqito , Mohamed Adel Serhani , Elarbi Badidi , Jamal Riffi , Hamid Tairi

The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is a foundational activation function in artficial neural networks. Recent literature frequently misattributes its origin to the 2018 (initial) version of this paper, which exclusively investigated ReLU at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Abien Fred Agarap

Activation functions are crucial in deep learning models since they introduce non-linearity into the networks, allowing them to learn from errors and make adjustments, which is essential for learning complex patterns. The essential purpose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Koushik Biswas , Meghana Karri , Ulaş Bağcı

Neural networks have proven to be a highly effective tool for solving complex problems in many areas of life. Recently, their importance and practical usability have further been reinforced with the advent of deep learning. One of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Vladimír Kunc , Jiří Kléma

This paper investigates the problem of dim frequency line detection and recovery in the so-called lofargram. Theoretically, time integration long enough can always enhance the detection characteristic. But this does not hold for irregularly…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-02 Yina Han , Yuyan Li , Qingyu Liu , Yuanliang Ma

We propose the Moderate Adaptive Linear Unit (MoLU), a novel activation function for deep neural networks, defined analytically as: f(x)=x \times (1+tanh(x))/2. MoLU combines mathematical elegance with empirical effectiveness, exhibiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Hankyul Koh , Joon-hyuk Ko , Wonho Jhe