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3D time-of-flight (ToF) imaging is used in a variety of applications such as augmented reality (AR), computer interfaces, robotics and autonomous systems. Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are one of the enabling technologies providing…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-13 Germán Mora-Martín , Alex Turpin , Alice Ruget , Abderrahim Halimi , Robert Henderson , Jonathan Leach , Istvan Gyongy

We present a fully integrated InGaAs/InP negative feedback avalanche diode (NFAD) based free-running single-photon detector (SPD) designed for accurate lidar applications. A free-piston Stirling cooler is used to cool down the NFAD with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-06 Chao Yu , Mingjia Shangguan , Haiyun Xia , Jun Zhang , Xiankang Dou , Jian-Wei Pan

We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to a set of electrical output signals from a commercially available superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) to investigate their photon-number-resolving capability. We find that…

Most active quench circuits used for single-photon avalanche photodetectors (APDs) are designed either with discrete components which lack the flexibility of dynamically changing the control parameters, or with custom ASICs which require a…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-11-22 Subash Sachidananda , Prithvi Gundlapalli , Victor Leong , Soe Moe Thar , Leonid Krivitsky , Alexander Ling

Integrated single-photon detectors open new possibilities for monitoring inside quantum photonic circuits. We present a concept for the in-line measurement of spatially-encoded multi-photon quantum states, while keeping the transmitted ones…

The complete measurement of the quantum state of two correlated photons requires reconstructing the amplitude and phase of the biphoton wavefunction. We show how, by means of spatially resolved single photon detection, one can infer the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-26 Nazanin Dehghan , Alessio D'Errico , Francesco Di Colandrea , Ebrahim Karimi

Capturing high-quality images from only a few detected photons is a fundamental challenge in computational imaging. Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors promise high-quality imaging in regimes where conventional cameras fail, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Aryan Garg , Sizhuo Ma , Mohit Gupta

Capturing depth and reflectivity images at low light levels from active illumination of a scene has wide-ranging applications. Conventionally, even with single-photon detectors, hundreds of photon detections are needed at each pixel to…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-12 Dongeek Shin , Ahmed Kirmani , Vivek K Goyal , Jeffrey H. Shapiro

Light detection and ranging systems reconstruct scene depth from time-of-flight measurements. For low light-level depth imaging applications, such as remote sensing and robot vision, these systems use single-photon detectors that resolve…

Applications · Statistics 2015-10-28 Dongeek Shin , Jeffrey H. Shapiro , Vivek K Goyal

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring the application of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) in optical wireless communication (OWC). As a photon counting detector, SPAD can provide much higher sensitivity…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Shenjie Huang , Majid Safari

We present two implementations of photon counting time-multiplexing detectors for near-infrared wavelengths, based on Peltier cooled InGaAs/InP avalanche photo diodes (APDs). A first implementation is motivated by practical considerations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 Patrick Eraerds , Jun Zhang , Enrico Pomarico , Bruno Sanguinetti , Rob Thew , Hugo Zbinden

Single photon detector(SPD) problems arise in most quantum tasks, especially for measuring states going through high-lost channels. They are particularly prominent in quantum key distribution(QKD), which could be the most significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Hao Shu

Superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have enabled the realization of several quantum optics technologies thanks to their high detection efficiency, low dark-counts, and fast recovery time. However, the widespread use of…

Controlling light penetration depth in Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) and Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) play a major role in achieving high multiplication gain by delivering light near the multiplication region where the electric…

In the planned or considered upgrades of LHCb, ALICE and Belle II experiments, the Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors will have to be improved in order to function at increased beam interaction density. The photodetectors used in…

Single-Photon Light Detection and Ranging (SP-LiDAR is emerging as a leading technology for long-range, high-precision 3D vision tasks. In SP-LiDAR, timestamps encode two complementary pieces of information: pulse travel time (depth) and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hashan K. Weerasooriya , Prateek Chennuri , Weijian Zhang , Istvan Gyongy , Stanley H. Chan

Efficiently distinguishing photon numbers is a crucial yet challenging technology for various quantum information and quantum metrology applications. While superconducting transition edge sensors offer good photon-number-resolving (PNR)…

Photon Number Resolving Detectors (PNRDs) are devices capable of measuring the number of photons present in an incident optical beam, enabling light sources to be measured and characterized at the quantum level. In this paper, we explore…

Free-running InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors (SPDs) based on negative-feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) are the key components for applications requiring asynchronous single-photon detection in the near-infrared region. From the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-02-20 Qi Xu , Chao Yu , Wei Chen , Jianglin Zhao , Dajian Cui , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Photon detectors featuring single-photon sensitivity play a crucial role in various scientific domains, including high-energy physics, astronomy, and quantum optics. Fast response time, high quantum efficiency, and minimal dark counts are…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-06-27 Mohamed Boukhicha , Thomas Y. Tsang , Gabriele Giacomini , Amir M. Dabiran , Luca Cultrera