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Text style transfer (TST) is the task of transforming a text to reflect a particular style while preserving its original content. Evaluating TST outputs is a multidimensional challenge, requiring the assessment of style transfer accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Atul Kr. Ojha , John P. McCrae , Ondrej Dusek

Language style is necessary for AI systems to understand and generate diverse human language accurately. However, previous text style transfer primarily focused on sentence-level data-driven approaches, limiting exploration of potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Huashan Sun , Yixiao Wu , Yuhao Ye , Yizhe Yang , Yinghao Li , Jiawei Li , Yang Gao

We analyze the performance of large language models (LLMs) on Text Style Transfer (TST), specifically focusing on sentiment transfer and text detoxification across three languages: English, Hindi, and Bengali. Text Style Transfer involves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Atul Kr. Ojha , Ondřej Dušek

Text Style Transfer (TST) evaluation is, in practice, inconsistent. Therefore, we conduct a meta-analysis on human and automated TST evaluation and experimentation that thoroughly examines existing literature in the field. The meta-analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Phil Ostheimer , Mayank Nagda , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

Despite notable advances in large language models (LLMs), reliable evaluation of text generation tasks such as text style transfer (TST) remains an open challenge. Existing research has shown that automatic metrics often correlate poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Vitaly Protasov , Nikolay Babakov , Daryna Dementieva , Alexander Panchenko

Large language models (LLMs) make it easy to rewrite a text in any style -- e.g. to make it more polite, persuasive, or more positive -- but evaluation thereof is not straightforward. A challenge lies in measuring content preservation: that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Amalie Brogaard Pauli , Isabelle Augenstein , Ira Assent

Since the breakthrough of ChatGPT, large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention in the research community. With the development of LLMs, the question of text style transfer for conversational models has emerged as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jianlin Chen

The stylistic properties of text have intrigued computational linguistics researchers in recent years. Specifically, researchers have investigated the Text Style Transfer (TST) task, which aims to change the stylistic properties of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Zhiqiang Hu , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Charu C. Aggarwal , Aston Zhang

Leveraging large language models (LLMs) for various natural language processing tasks has led to superlative claims about their performance. For the evaluation of machine translation (MT), existing research shows that LLMs are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Shenbin Qian , Archchana Sindhujan , Minnie Kabra , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orăsan , Tharindu Ranasinghe , Frédéric Blain

While the field of style transfer (ST) has been growing rapidly, it has been hampered by a lack of standardized practices for automatic evaluation. In this paper, we evaluate leading ST automatic metrics on the oft-researched task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Eleftheria Briakou , Sweta Agrawal , Joel Tetreault , Marine Carpuat

Human evaluation is indispensable and inevitable for assessing the quality of texts generated by machine learning models or written by humans. However, human evaluation is very difficult to reproduce and its quality is notoriously unstable,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Cheng-Han Chiang , Hung-yi Lee

Text Style Transfer (TST) is a pivotal task in natural language generation to manipulate text style attributes while preserving style-independent content. The attributes targeted in TST can vary widely, including politeness, authorship,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Ondrej Dušek

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized NLP research. Notably, in-context learning enables their use as evaluation metrics for natural language generation, making them particularly advantageous in low-resource scenarios and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Christoph Leiter , Steffen Eger

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for automatic summarization but the reasons behind their successes are poorly understood. By conducting a human evaluation on ten LLMs across different pretraining methods, prompts, and model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Tianyi Zhang , Faisal Ladhak , Esin Durmus , Percy Liang , Kathleen McKeown , Tatsunori B. Hashimoto

Large Language Models (LLMs) changed the way we design and interact with software systems. Their ability to process and extract information from text has drastically improved productivity in a number of routine tasks. Developers that want…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Federico Errica , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Roberto Bifulco

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently showcased remarkable advancements in their ability to generate fitting responses to natural language instructions. However, many current works rely on manual evaluation to judge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Ansar Aynetdinov , Alan Akbik

Automatic evaluation metrics are crucial for advancing sign language translation (SLT). Current SLT evaluation metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are only text-based, and it remains unclear to what extent text-based metrics can reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shakib Yazdani , Yasser Hamidullah , Cristina España-Bonet , Eleftherios Avramidis , Josef van Genabith

Accurately evaluating machine-translated text remains a long-standing challenge, particularly for long documents. Recent work has shown that large language models (LLMs) can serve as reliable and interpretable sentence-level translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tobias Domhan , Dawei Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved top results in recent machine translation evaluations, but they are also known to be sensitive to errors and perturbations in their prompts. We systematically evaluate how both humanly plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Patrícia Schmidtová , Niyati Bafna , Seth Aycock , Gianluca Vico , Wiktor Kamzela , Katharina Hämmerl , Vilém Zouhar

Large language models (LLMs) can generate fluent text, but their ability to replicate the distinctive style of a specific human author remains unclear. We present a fast, training-free framework for authorship verification and style…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Rebira Jemama , Rajesh Kumar
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