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We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models, BERT is designed to pre-train deep bidirectional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , Kristina Toutanova

Large-scale pre-trained models such as CodeBERT, GraphCodeBERT have earned widespread attention from both academia and industry. Attributed to the superior ability in code representation, they have been further applied in multiple…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Shangqing Liu , Bozhi Wu , Xiaofei Xie , Guozhu Meng , Yang Liu

The Transformer architecture and transfer learning have marked a quantum leap in natural language processing, improving the state of the art across a range of text-based tasks. This paper examines how these advancements can be applied to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Pasquale Salza , Christoph Schwizer , Jian Gu , Harald C. Gall

Pre-trained language models like BERT achieve superior performances in various NLP tasks without explicit consideration of syntactic information. Meanwhile, syntactic information has been proved to be crucial for the success of NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Jiangang Bai , Yujing Wang , Yiren Chen , Yaming Yang , Jing Bai , Jing Yu , Yunhai Tong

The introduction of the Transformer neural network, along with techniques like self-supervised pre-training and transfer learning, has paved the way for advanced models like BERT. Despite BERT's impressive performance, opportunities for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Farnaz Zeidi , Mehmet Fatih Amasyali , Çiğdem Erol

Pre-trained language models have recently contributed to significant advances in NLP tasks. Recently, multi-modal versions of BERT have been developed, using heavy pre-training relying on vast corpora of aligned textual and image data,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Thomas Scialom , Patrick Bordes , Paul-Alexis Dray , Jacopo Staiano , Patrick Gallinari

Robots are often required to localize in environments with unknown object classes and semantic ambiguity. However, when performing global localization using semantic objects, high semantic ambiguity intensifies object misclassification and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Gihyeon Lee , Jungwoo Lee , Juwon Kim , Young-Sik Shin , Younggun Cho

Self-supervised learning (SSL) with vision transformers (ViTs) has proven effective for representation learning as demonstrated by the impressive performance on various downstream tasks. Despite these successes, existing ViT-based SSL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Chaitanya Devaguptapu , Sumukh Aithal , Shrinivas Ramasubramanian , Moyuru Yamada , Manohar Kaul

Developing generalizable models that can effectively learn from limited data and with minimal reliance on human supervision is a significant objective within the machine learning community, particularly in the era of deep neural networks.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Wenxuan Ma , Shuang Li , Lincan Cai , Jingxuan Kang

Bug reports are an essential aspect of software development, and it is crucial to identify and resolve them quickly to ensure the consistent functioning of software systems. Retrieving similar bug reports from an existing database can help…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Avinash Patil , Kihwan Han , Aryan Jadon

Variable names are critical for conveying intended program behavior. Machine learning-based program analysis methods use variable name representations for a wide range of tasks, such as suggesting new variable names and bug detection.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Qibin Chen , Jeremy Lacomis , Edward J. Schwartz , Graham Neubig , Bogdan Vasilescu , Claire Le Goues

Recently, pre-trained models have been the dominant paradigm in natural language processing. They achieved remarkable state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of related tasks, such as textual entailment, natural language inference,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Dongfang Li , Yifei Yu , Qingcai Chen , Xinyu Li

One of the most popular downstream tasks in the field of Natural Language Processing is text classification. Text classification tasks have become more daunting when the texts are code-mixed. Though they are not exposed to such text during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Md Nishat Raihan , Dhiman Goswami , Antara Mahmud

Lexical semantic change detection (also known as semantic shift tracing) is a task of identifying words that have changed their meaning over time. Unsupervised semantic shift tracing, focal point of SemEval2020, is particularly challenging.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-05 K Vani , Sandra Mitrovic , Alessandro Antonucci , Fabio Rinaldi

Deep neural networks (DNNs) excel on fixed datasets but struggle with incremental and shifting data in real-world scenarios. Continual learning addresses this challenge by allowing models to learn from new data while retaining previously…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Lu Yu , Zhe Tao , Dipam Goswami , Hantao Yao , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Joost Van de Weijer , Changsheng Xu

Multi-label image classification is a critical task in machine learning that aims to accurately assign multiple labels to a single image. While existing methods often utilize attention mechanisms or graph convolutional networks to model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ren-Dong Xie , Zhi-Fen He , Bo Li , Bin Liu , Jin-Yan Hu

Machine based text comprehension has always been a significant research field in natural language processing. Once a full understanding of the text context and semantics is achieved, a deep learning model can be trained to solve a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Omar Mossad , Amgad Ahmed , Anandharaju Raju , Hari Karthikeyan , Zayed Ahmed

Large Transformer-based language models such as BERT have led to broad performance improvements on many NLP tasks. Domain-specific variants of these models have demonstrated excellent performance on a variety of specialised tasks. In legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Benjamin Clavié , Akshita Gheewala , Paul Briton , Marc Alphonsus , Rym Laabiyad , Francesco Piccoli

We present CodeBERT, a bimodal pre-trained model for programming language (PL) and nat-ural language (NL). CodeBERT learns general-purpose representations that support downstream NL-PL applications such as natural language codesearch, code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Zhangyin Feng , Daya Guo , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Xiaocheng Feng , Ming Gong , Linjun Shou , Bing Qin , Ting Liu , Daxin Jiang , Ming Zhou

In the present paper, two models are presented namely LSTM-CRF and BERT-LSTM-CRF for semantic tagging of universal semantic tag dataset. The experiments show that the first model is much easier to converge while the second model that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Farshad Noravesh