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Software vulnerabilities have a large negative impact on the software systems that we depend on daily. Reports on software vulnerabilities always paint a grim picture, with some reports showing that 83% of organizations depend on vulnerable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Mahmoud Alfadel , Diego Elias Costa , Mouafak Mokhallalati , Emad Shihab , Bram Adams

The NPM ecosystem has become a primary target for software supply chain attacks, yet existing detection tools are evaluated in isolation on incompatible datasets, making cross-tool comparison unreliable. We conduct a benchmark-driven…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenbo Guo , Zhongwen Chen , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Ming Kang , Shiwen Song , Chengyue Liu , Yijia Xu , Weisong Sun , Yang Liu

As the default package manager for Node.js, npm has become one of the largest package management systems in the world. To facilitate dependency management for developers, npm supports a special type of dependency, Peer Dependency, whose…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Xingyu Wang , Mingsen Wang , Wenbo Shen , Rui Chang

Breaking changes cause a lot of effort to both downstream and upstream developers: downstream developers need to adapt to breaking changes and upstream developers are responsible for identifying and documenting them. In the NPM ecosystem,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Dezhen Kong , Jiakun Liu , Lingfeng Bao , David Lo

The pull-based development model facilitates global collaboration within open-source software projects. However, whereas it is increasingly common for software to depend on other projects in their ecosystem, most research on the pull…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Willem Meijer , Mirela Riveni , Ayushi Rastogi

The development and training of deep learning models have become increasingly costly and complex. Consequently, software engineers are adopting pre-trained models (PTMs) for their downstream applications. The dynamics of the PTM supply…

The widespread of libraries within modern software ecosystems creates complex networks of dependencies. These dependencies are fragile to breakage, outdated, or redundancy, potentially leading to cascading issues in dependent libraries. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Pongchai Jaisri , Brittany Reid , Raula Gaikovina Kula

The rise of user-contributed Open Source Software (OSS) ecosystems demonstrate their prevalence in the software engineering discipline. Libraries work together by depending on each other across the ecosystem. From these ecosystems emerges a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-15 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Ali Ouni , Daniel M. German , Katsuro Inoue

Security vulnerability in third-party dependencies is a growing concern not only for developers of the affected software, but for the risks it poses to an entire software ecosystem, e.g., Heartbleed vulnerability. Recent studies show that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Bodin Chinthanet , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Shane McIntosh , Takashi Ishio , Akinori Ihara , Kenichi Matsumoto

The static properties of code repositories, e.g., lines of code, dependents, dependencies, etc. can be readily scraped from code hosting platforms such as GitHub, and from package management systems such as npm for JavaScript; Although no…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Ellen Arteca , Alexi Turcotte

Software systems often leverage on open source software libraries to reuse functionalities. Such libraries are readily available through software package managers like npm for JavaScript. Due to the huge amount of packages available in such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Ahmed Zerouali , Tom Mens , Gregorio Robles , Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona

Large language models (LLMs) have developed rapidly in recent years, revolutionizing various fields. Despite their widespread success, LLMs heavily rely on external code dependencies from package management systems, creating a complex and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , David Lo , Xiaohu Yang

Protecting software supply chains from malicious packages is paramount in the evolving landscape of software development. Attacks on the software supply chain involve attackers injecting harmful software into commonly used packages or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-13 S. Halder , M. Bewong , A. Mahboubi , Y. Jiang , R. Islam , Z. Islam , R. Ip , E. Ahmed , G. Ramachandran , A. Babar

Modern software development frequently uses third-party packages, raising the concern of supply chain security attacks. Many attackers target popular package managers, like npm, and their users with supply chain attacks. In 2021 there was a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Nusrat Zahan , Thomas Zimmermann , Patrice Godefroid , Brendan Murphy , Chandra Maddila , Laurie Williams

The use of third-party packages is becoming increasingly popular and has led to the emergence of large software package ecosystems with a maze of inter-dependencies. Since the reliance on these ecosystems enables developers to reduce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Katsuro Inoue , Christoph Treude

Package managers have become a vital part of the modern software development process. They allow developers to reuse third-party code, share their own code, minimize their codebase, and simplify the build process. However, recent reports…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Ruian Duan , Omar Alrawi , Ranjita Pai Kasturi , Ryan Elder , Brendan Saltaformaggio , Wenke Lee

Background: Open source requires participation of volunteer and commercial developers (users) in order to deliver functional high-quality components. Developers both contribute effort in the form of patches and demand effort from the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Tapajit Dey , Yuxing Ma , Audris Mockus

Docker allows for the packaging of applications and dependencies, and its instructions are described in Dockerfiles. Nowadays, version pinning is recommended to avoid unexpected changes in the latest version of a package. However, version…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Takeru Tanaka , Hideaki Hata , Bodin Chinthanet , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Kenichi Matsumoto

The increasing interest in open source software has led to the emergence of large language-specific package distributions of reusable software libraries, such as npm and RubyGems. These software packages can be subject to vulnerabilities…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Ahmed Zerouali , Tom Mens , Alexandre Decan , Coen De Roover

Software ecosystems can be viewed as socio-technical networks consisting of technical components (software packages) and social components (communities of developers) that maintain the technical components. Ecosystems evolve over time…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Eleni Constantinou , Tom Mens