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Causal inference requires evaluating models on balanced distributions between treatment and control groups, while training data often exhibits imbalance due to historical decision-making policies. Most conventional statistical methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-21 Akira Tanimoto

In mobile health, tailoring interventions for real-time delivery is of paramount importance. Micro-randomized trials have emerged as the "gold-standard" methodology for developing such interventions. Analyzing data from these trials…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-31 Xueqing Liu , Tianchen Qian , Lauren Bell , Bibhas Chakraborty

The research in this paper gives a systematic investigation on the asymptotic behaviours of four inverse probability weighting (IPW)-based estimators for conditional average treatment effect, with nonparametrically, semiparametrically,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-09-24 Niwen Zhou , Lixing Zhu

Propensity score (PS) methods are widely used in observational studies to reduce confounding and estimate causal treatment effects. However, the validity of PS-based causal estimators depends heavily on correct model specification, and…

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) may suffer from limited scope. In particular, samples may be unrepresentative: some RCTs over- or under- sample individuals with certain characteristics compared to the target population, for which one…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-15 Bénédicte Colnet , Julie Josse , Gaël Varoquaux , Erwan Scornet

Construction of just-in-time adaptive interventions, such as prompts delivered by mobile apps to promote and maintain behavioral change, requires knowledge about time-varying moderated effects to inform when and how we deliver intervention…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-06 Jieru Shi , Zhenke Wu , Walter Dempsey

How to deal with missing data in observational studies is a common concern for causal inference. When the covariates are missing at random (MAR), multiple approaches have been provided to help solve the issue. However, if the exposure is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-14 Yuliang Shi , Yeying Zhu , Joel A. Dubin

Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) are increasingly used to evaluate mobile health interventions with binary proximal outcomes. Standard inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimators are unbiased but unstable in small samples or under extreme…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-10 Jinho Cha , Eunchan Cha

The inverse probability weighting (IPW) method is used to handle attrition in association analyses derived from cohort studies. It consists in weighting the respondents at a given follow-up by their inverse probability to participate.…

Applications · Statistics 2021-05-05 Marie-Astrid Metten , Nathalie Costet , J. -F. Viel , Guillaume Chauvet

Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) is a popular propensity score (PS)-based approach to estimate causal effects in observational studies at risk of confounding bias. A major issue when estimating the PS is the presence of…

Comparative effectiveness research often involves evaluating the differences in the risks of an event of interest between two or more treatments using observational data. Often, the post-treatment outcome of interest is whether the event…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-18 Youfei Yu , Min Zhang , Bhramar Mukherjee

In randomized clinical trials, adjusting for baseline covariates can improve credibility and efficiency for demonstrating and quantifying treatment effects. This article studies the augmented inverse propensity weighted (AIPW) estimator,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-27 Marlena S. Bannick , Jun Shao , Jingyi Liu , Yu Du , Yanyao Yi , Ting Ye

Contrasting marginal counterfactual survival curves across treatment arms is an effective and popular approach for inferring the causal effect of an intervention on a right-censored time-to-event outcome. A key challenge to drawing such…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-29 Andrew Ying , Yifan Cui , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

We consider estimation of average treatment effects given observational data with high-dimensional pretreatment variables. Existing methods for this problem typically assume some form of sparsity for the regression functions. In this work,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-12 Yuhao Wang , Rajen D. Shah

Propensity score matching (PSM) and augmented inverse propensity weighting (AIPW) are widely used in observational studies to estimate causal effects. The two approaches present complementary features. The AIPW estimator is doubly robust…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-12 Tanchumin Xu , Yunshu Zhang , Shu Yang

Interference occurs when the treatment (or exposure) of one individual affects the outcomes of others. In some settings it may be reasonable to assume individuals can be partitioned into clusters such that there is no interference between…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-21 Lan Liu , Michael G. Hudgens , Bradley Saul , John D. Clemens , Mohammad Ali , Michael E. Emch

Chance imbalance in baseline characteristics is common in randomized clinical trials. Regression adjustment such as the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is often used to account for imbalance and increase precision of the treatment effect…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-14 Shuxi Zeng , Fan Li , Rui Wang , Fan Li

We often seek to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on a particular outcome in both randomized and observational settings. One such estimation method is the covariate-adjusted residuals estimator, which was designed for individually…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-28 Stephen A. Lauer , Nicholas G. Reich , Laura B. Balzer

RCTs sometimes test interventions that aim to improve existing services targeted to a subset of individuals identified after randomization. Accordingly, the treatment could affect the composition of service recipients and the offered…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-18 Peter Z. Schochet

Combining information from multiple samples is often needed in biomedical and economic studies, but the differences between these samples must be appropriately taken into account in the analysis of the combined data. We study estimation for…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-14 Heng Shu , Zhiqiang Tan