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Large Language Models (LLMs) utilize extensive knowledge databases and show powerful text generation ability. However, their reliance on high-quality copyrighted datasets raises concerns about copyright infringements in generated texts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Qichao Ma , Rui-Jie Zhu , Peiye Liu , Renye Yan , Fahong Zhang , Ling Liang , Meng Li , Zhaofei Yu , Zongwei Wang , Yimao Cai , Tiejun Huang

Large language models can memorize and repeat their training data, causing privacy and copyright risks. To mitigate memorization, we introduce a subtle modification to the next-token training objective that we call the goldfish loss. During…

Copyright protection for large language models is of critical importance, given their substantial development costs, proprietary value, and potential for misuse. Existing surveys have predominantly focused on techniques for tracing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhenhua Xu , Xubin Yue , Zhebo Wang , Haobo Zhang , Qichen Liu , Xixiang Zhao , Jingxuan Zhang , Wenjun Zeng , Wengpeng Xing , Dezhang Kong , Changting Lin , Meng Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been widely used for code generation. Due to the complexity and opacity of LLMs, little is known about how these models generate code. We made the first attempt to bridge this knowledge gap by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Bonan Kou , Shengmai Chen , Zhijie Wang , Lei Ma , Tianyi Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence by excelling in complex natural language processing tasks. Their ability to generate human-like text has opened new possibilities for market research, particularly in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Mengxin Wang , Dennis J. Zhang , Heng Zhang

Pretrained large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as summarization, question answering, and translation. However, LLMs pose significant security risks due to their tendency to memorize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zhepeng Wang , Runxue Bao , Yawen Wu , Jackson Taylor , Cao Xiao , Feng Zheng , Weiwen Jiang , Shangqian Gao , Yanfu Zhang

This paper analyzes Large Language Models (LLMs) with regard to their programming exercise generation capabilities. Through a survey study, we defined the state of the art, extracted their strengths and weaknesses and finally proposed an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Eduard Frankford , Ingo Höhn , Clemens Sauerwein , Ruth Breu

The past a few years have witnessed the great success of large language models, demonstrating powerful capabilities in comprehending textual data and generating human-like languages. Large language models achieve success by being trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Estrid He , Tabinda Sarwar , Ibrahim Khalil , Xun Yi , Ke Wang

Pre-training, which utilizes extensive and varied datasets, is a critical factor in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs) across numerous applications. However, the detailed makeup of these datasets is often not disclosed, leading to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Haodong Li , Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Kailong Wang , Yuekang Li , Tianwei Zhang , Yang Liu , Guoai Xu , Guosheng Xu , Haoyu Wang

Large language models (LLM) are advanced AI systems trained on extensive textual data, leveraging deep learning techniques to understand and generate human-like language. Today's LLMs with billions of parameters are so huge that hardly any…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sheikh Azizul Hakim , Saem Hasan

Computing educators and researchers have used programming process data to understand how programs are constructed and what sorts of problems students struggle with. Although such data shows promise for using it for feedback, fully automated…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-04 John Edwards , Arto Hellas , Juho Leinonen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used more and more for various coding tasks, including to help coders identify bugs and are a promising avenue to support coders in various tasks including vulnerability detection -- particularly given…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ignacio Mariano Andreozzi Pofcher , Joshua Ellul

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for automated code generation, yet their apparent successes often mask a tension between pretraining objectives and alignment choices. While pretraining encourages models to exploit all available…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Oussama Ben Sghaier , Kevin Delcourt , Houari Sahraoui

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly transformed the educational landscape. As current plagiarism detection tools struggle to keep pace with LLMs' rapid advancements, the educational community faces the challenge of assessing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Roy Xie , Chengxuan Huang , Junlin Wang , Bhuwan Dhingra

Data is a crucial element in large language model (LLM) alignment. Recent studies have explored using LLMs for efficient data collection. However, LLM-generated data often suffers from quality issues, with underrepresented or absent aspects…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Fei Wang , Ninareh Mehrabi , Palash Goyal , Rahul Gupta , Kai-Wei Chang , Aram Galstyan

The objective of digital forgetting is, given a model with undesirable knowledge or behavior, obtain a new model where the detected issues are no longer present. The motivations for forgetting include privacy protection, copyright…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Najeeb Jebreel , Benet Manzanares , David Sánchez , Josep Domingo-Ferrer , Guillem Collell , Kuan Eeik Tan

High-quality training data has proven crucial for developing performant large language models (LLMs). However, commercial LLM providers disclose few, if any, details about the data used for training. This lack of transparency creates…

Data plays a fundamental role in training Large Language Models (LLMs). Efficient data management, particularly in formulating a well-suited training dataset, is significant for enhancing model performance and improving training efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Zige Wang , Wanjun Zhong , Yufei Wang , Qi Zhu , Fei Mi , Baojun Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance across various text generation tasks but remain under-explored in the patent domain, which offers highly structured and precise language. This paper constructs a dataset to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Lekang Jiang , Caiqi Zhang , Pascal A Scherz , Stephan Goetz

Prior study shows that LLMs sometimes generate content that violates copyright. In this paper, we study another important yet underexplored problem, i.e., will LLMs respect copyright information in user input, and behave accordingly? The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jialiang Xu , Shenglan Li , Zhaozhuo Xu , Denghui Zhang
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