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Intelligent or generative writing tools rely on large language models that recognize, summarize, translate, and predict content. This position paper probes the copyright interests of open data sets used to train large language models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Madiha Zahrah Choksi , David Goedicke

Exploring the data sources used to train Large Language Models (LLMs) is a crucial direction in investigating potential copyright infringement by these models. While this approach can identify the possible use of copyrighted materials in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Weijie Zhao , Huajie Shao , Zhaozhuo Xu , Suzhen Duan , Denghui Zhang

The use of copyrighted materials in training language models raises critical legal and ethical questions. This paper presents a framework for and the results of empirically assessing the impact of publisher-controlled copyrighted corpora on…

Generative AI models, renowned for their ability to synthesize high-quality content, have sparked growing concerns over the improper generation of copyright-protected material. While recent studies have proposed various approaches to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Qipan Xu , Zhenting Wang , Xiaoxiao He , Ligong Han , Ruixiang Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating diverse and contextually rich text. However, concerns regarding copyright infringement arise as LLMs may inadvertently produce copyrighted material. In…

The wide applicability and adaptability of generative large language models (LLMs) has enabled their rapid adoption. While the pre-trained models can perform many tasks, such models are often fine-tuned to improve their performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Myles Foley , Ambrish Rawat , Taesung Lee , Yufang Hou , Gabriele Picco , Giulio Zizzo

Large language models (LLMs) have made transformed changes for human society. One of the key computation in LLMs is the softmax unit. This operation is important in LLMs because it allows the model to generate a distribution over possible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Yichuan Deng , Zhihang Li , Zhao Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) are foundational to AI advancements, facilitating applications like predictive text generation. Nonetheless, they pose risks by potentially memorizing and disseminating sensitive, biased, or copyrighted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Youyang Qu , Ming Ding , Nan Sun , Kanchana Thilakarathna , Tianqing Zhu , Dusit Niyato

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing (NLP) but pose risks of inadvertently exposing copyrighted or proprietary data, especially when such data is used for training but not intended for distribution.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Guangwei Zhang , Qisheng Su , Jiateng Liu , Cheng Qian , Yanzhou Pan , Yanjie Fu , Denghui Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have numerous real-life applications across various domains, such as natural language translation, sentiment analysis, language modeling, chatbots and conversational agents, creative writing, text…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yeqi Gao , Zhao Song , Junze Yin

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises critical concerns regarding the unauthorized inclusion of copyrighted content in training data. Existing detection frameworks, such as DE-COP, are computationally intensive, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 David Szczecina , Senan Gaffori , Edmond Li

Language models may memorize more than just facts, including entire chunks of texts seen during training. Fair use exemptions to copyright laws typically allow for limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Antonia Karamolegkou , Jiaang Li , Li Zhou , Anders Søgaard

The emerging success of large language models (LLMs) heavily relies on collecting abundant training data from external (untrusted) sources. Despite substantial efforts devoted to data cleaning and curation, well-constructed LLMs have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Tianlin Li , Qian Liu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Qing Guo , Yang Liu , Min Lin

This paper summarizes the current copyright related risks that Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems (including Large Language Models --LLMs) incur. These risks affect different stakeholders: owners of the copyright…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Daniel M. German

Large language models (LLMs) are complex artificial intelligence systems capable of understanding, generating and translating human language. They learn language patterns by analyzing large amounts of text data, allowing them to perform…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Biwei Yan , Kun Li , Minghui Xu , Yueyan Dong , Yue Zhang , Zhaochun Ren , Xiuzhen Cheng

Many AI companies are training their large language models (LLMs) on data without the permission of the copyright owners. The permissibility of doing so varies by jurisdiction: in countries like the EU and Japan, this is allowed under…

Large Language Models (LLMs), now a foundation in advancing natural language processing, power applications such as text generation, machine translation, and conversational systems. Despite their transformative potential, these models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Kang Chen , Xiuze Zhou , Yuanguo Lin , Jinhe Su , Yuanhui Yu , Li Shen , Fan Lin

We explore machine unlearning (MU) in the domain of large language models (LLMs), referred to as LLM unlearning. This initiative aims to eliminate undesirable data influence (e.g., sensitive or illegal information) and the associated model…

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Large language models (LLMs) commonly risk copyright infringement by reproducing protected content verbatim or with insufficient transformative modifications, posing significant ethical, legal, and practical concerns. Current inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Aakash Sen Sharma , Debdeep Sanyal , Priyansh Srivastava , Sundar Atreya H. , Shirish Karande , Mohan Kankanhalli , Murari Mandal
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