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Diffusion models have achieved great success in generating high-dimensional samples across various applications. While the theoretical guarantees for continuous-state diffusion models have been extensively studied, the convergence analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zikun Zhang , Zixiang Chen , Quanquan Gu

Sampling in score-based diffusion models can be performed by solving either a reverse-time stochastic differential equation (SDE) parameterized by an arbitrary time-dependent stochasticity parameter or a probability flow ODE, corresponding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Bernardo P. Schaeffer , Ricardo M. S. Rosa , Glauco Valle

We give an improved theoretical analysis of score-based generative modeling. Under a score estimate with small $L^2$ error (averaged across timesteps), we provide efficient convergence guarantees for any data distribution with second-order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Hongrui Chen , Holden Lee , Jianfeng Lu

We provide full theoretical guarantees for the convergence behaviour of diffusion-based generative models under the assumption of strongly log-concave data distributions while our approximating class of functions used for score estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Stefano Bruno , Ying Zhang , Dong-Young Lim , Ömer Deniz Akyildiz , Sotirios Sabanis

Despite the remarkable empirical success of score-based diffusion models, their statistical guarantees remain underdeveloped. Existing analyses often provide pessimistic convergence rates that do not reflect the intrinsic low-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Saptarshi Chakraborty , Quentin Berthet , Peter L. Bartlett

Score-matching generative models have proven successful at sampling from complex high-dimensional data distributions. In many applications, this distribution is believed to concentrate on a much lower $d$-dimensional manifold embedded into…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-25 Peter Potaptchik , Iskander Azangulov , George Deligiannidis

Score-based generative models (SGMs) aim at estimating a target data distribution by learning score functions using only noise-perturbed samples from the target.Recent literature has focused extensively on assessing the error between the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Stanislas Strasman , Antonio Ocello , Claire Boyer , Sylvain Le Corff , Vincent Lemaire

Motivated by the increasingly popular Score-based Generative Modeling (SGM), we study the Inexact Langevin Dynamics (ILD) and Inexact Langevin Algorithm (ILA) where a score function estimate is used in place of the exact score. We establish…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Kaylee Yingxi Yang , Andre Wibisono

Score-based diffusion models have demonstrated outstanding empirical performance in machine learning and artificial intelligence, particularly in generating high-quality new samples from complex probability distributions. Improving the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-30 Yuchen Jiao , Gen Li

An elementary approach to characterizing the impact of noise scheduling and time discretization in generative diffusion models is developed. We first utilize the Cram\'er-Rao bound to identify the Gaussian setting as a fundamental…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Qiang Sun , H. Vincent Poor , Wenyi Zhang

Discrete state space diffusion models have shown significant advantages in applications involving discrete data, such as text and image generation. It has also been observed that their performance is highly sensitive to the choice of rate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Yuchen Liang , Renxiang Huang , Lifeng Lai , Ness Shroff , Yingbin Liang

Score-based generative models (SGMs) are powerful tools to sample from complex data distributions. Their underlying idea is to (i) run a forward process for time $T_1$ by adding noise to the data, (ii) estimate its score function, and (iii)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Francesco Pedrotti , Jan Maas , Marco Mondelli

Generative models have achieved remarkable success across a range of applications, yet their evaluation still lacks principled uncertainty quantification. In this paper, we develop a method for comparing how close different generative…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Zijun Gao , Yan Sun , Han Su

We introduce ScoreFusion, a theoretically grounded method for fusing multiple pre-trained diffusion models that are assumed to generate from auxiliary populations. ScoreFusion is particularly useful for enhancing the generative modeling of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-18 Hao Liu , Junze Tony Ye , Jose Blanchet , Nian Si

Diffusion models achieve state-of-the-art performance in various generation tasks. However, their theoretical foundations fall far behind. This paper studies score approximation, estimation, and distribution recovery of diffusion models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Minshuo Chen , Kaixuan Huang , Tuo Zhao , Mengdi Wang

Diffusion models for continuous state spaces based on Gaussian noising processes are now relatively well understood from both practical and theoretical perspectives. In contrast, results for diffusion models on discrete state spaces remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Giovanni Conforti , Alain Durmus , Le-Tuyet-Nhi Pham , Gael Raoul

Diffusion generative models have emerged as powerful tools for producing synthetic data from an empirically observed distribution. A common approach involves simulating the time-reversal of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process initialized at…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Valentin de Bortoli , Romuald Elie , Anna Kazeykina , Zhenjie Ren , Jiacheng Zhang

Score-based generative models are shown to achieve remarkable empirical performances in various applications such as image generation and audio synthesis. However, a theoretical understanding of score-based diffusion models is still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Dohyun Kwon , Ying Fan , Kangwook Lee

We establish global well-posedness and convergence of the score-based generative models (SGM) under minimal general assumptions of initial data for score estimation. For the smooth case, we start from a Lipschitz bound of the score function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Connor Mooney , Zhongjian Wang , Jack Xin , Yifeng Yu

Diffusion models over discrete spaces have recently shown striking empirical success, yet their theoretical foundations remain incomplete. In this paper, we study the sampling efficiency of score-based discrete diffusion models under a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Daniil Dmitriev , Zhihan Huang , Yuting Wei
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