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Related papers: Incremental Property Directed Reachability

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Property-directed reachability (PDR) is a SAT/SMT-based reachability algorithm that incrementally constructs inductive invariants. After it was successfully applied to hardware model checking, several adaptations to software model checking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Dirk Beyer , Matthias Dangl

Property Directed Reachability (\textsc{Pdr}), also known as IC3, is a state-of-the-art model checking algorithm widely used for verifying safety properties. While \textsc{Pdr} is effective in finding inductive invariants, its underlying…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Andrew Luka , Yakir Vizel

Property-Directed Reachability (PDR/IC3) is a standard workhorse for hardware safety verification, but most implementations are tuned primarily for time-to-answer and treat the produced invariant or counterexample as a secondary byproduct.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Arman Ferdowsi , Laura Kovacs

Property Directed Reachability (PDR) is a powerful algorithm for formal verification of hardware and software systems, but its performance is highly sensitive to parameter configurations. Manual parameter tuning is time-consuming and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Guangyu Hu , Chen Chen , Xiaofeng Zhou , Jiaxi Zhang , Wei Zhang , Hongce Zhang

We propose a semi-decision procedure for checking generalized reachability properties, on generalized Petri nets, that is based on the Property Directed Reachability (PDR) method. We actually define three different versions, that vary…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Nicolas Amat , Silvano Dal Zilio , Thomas Hujsa

Generalized property-directed reachability (GPDR) belongs to the family of the model-checking techniques called IC3/PDR. It has been successfully applied to software verification; for example, it is the core of Spacer, a state-of-the-art…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Kohei Suenaga , Takuya Ishizawa

Inferring inductive invariants is one of the main challenges of formal verification. The theory of abstract interpretation provides a rich framework to devise invariant inference algorithms. One of the latest breakthroughs in invariant…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Yotam M. Y. Feldman , Mooly Sagiv , Sharon Shoham , James R. Wilcox

Formal verification techniques such as model checking, are becoming popular in hardware design. SAT-based model checking techniques such as IC3/PDR, have gained a significant success in hardware industry. In this paper, we present a new…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-12-22 Jianwen Li , Shufang Zhu , Yueling Zhang , Geguang Pu , Moshe Vardi

In this paper we revisit the topic of generalizing proof obligations in bit-level Property Directed Reachability (PDR). We provide a comprehensive study which (1) determines the complexity of the problem, (2) thoroughly analyzes limitations…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Tobias Seufert , Felix Winterer , Christoph Scholl , Karsten Scheibler , Tobias Paxian , Bernd Becker

We present an algorithm for synthesising a controller (supervisor) for a discrete event system (DES) based on the property-directed reachability (PDR) model checking algorithm. The discrete event systems framework is useful in both…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Koen Claessen , Jonatan Kilhamn , Laura Kovács , Bengt Lennartson

IC3, also known as property-directed reachability (PDR), is a commonly-used algorithm for hardware safety model checking. It checks if a state transition system complies with a given safety property. IC3 either returns UNSAFE (indicating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Mingkai Miao , Guangyu Hu , Ziyi Yang , Hongce Zhang

The distributed recursion (DR) algorithm is an effective method for solving the pooling problem that arises in many applications. It is based on the well-known P-formulation of the pooling problem, which involves the flow and quality…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-15 Wei-Yang Zhang , Feng-Lian Dong , Zhi-Wei Wei , Yan-Ru Wang , Ze-Jin Xu , Wei-Kun Chen , Yu-Hong Dai

The IC3 algorithm, also known as PDR, is a SAT-based model checking algorithm that has significantly influenced the field in recent years due to its efficiency, scalability, and completeness. It utilizes SAT solvers to solve a series of SAT…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yuheng Su , Qiusong Yang , Yiwei Ci , Yingcheng Li , Tianjun Bu , Ziyu Huang

There is a niche of companies responsible for intermediating the purchase of large batches of varied products for other companies, for which the main challenge is to perform product description standardization, i.e., matching an item…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Washington Cunha , Celso França , Leonardo Rocha , Marcos André Gonçalves

Software changes frequently. To efficiently deal with such frequent changes, software verification tools must be incremental. Most of today's approaches for incremental verification consider one specific verification approach. One exception…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Marie-Christine Jakobs , Tim Pollandt

Traditional Incremental Learning (IL) targets to handle sequential fully-supervised learning problems where novel classes emerge from time to time. However, due to inherent annotation uncertainty and ambiguity, collecting high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Rui Wang , Mingxuan Xia , Chang Yao , Lei Feng , Junbo Zhao , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang

This paper shows that a variety of software model-checking algorithms can be seen as proof-search strategies for a non-standard proof system, known as a cyclic proof system. Our use of the cyclic proof system as a logical foundation of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Takeshi Tsukada , Hiroshi Unno

Reachability queries ask whether there exists a path from the source vertex to the target vertex on a graph. Recently, several powerful reachability queries, such as Label-Constrained Reachability (LCR) queries and Regular Path Queries…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Huihui Yang , Pingpeng Yuan

In this work, in the context of Linear and Quadratic Programming, we interpret Primal Dual Regularized Interior Point Methods (PDR-IPMs) in the framework of the Proximal Point Method. The resulting Proximal Stabilized IPM (PS-IPM) is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-05 Stefano Cipolla , Jacek Gondzio

Reachability analysis is used to determine all possible states that a system acting under uncertainty may reach. It is a critical component to obtain guarantees of various safety-critical systems both for safety verification and controller…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-03 Jared Mejia , Alex Devonport , Murat Arcak
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