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We study generalization in an overparameterized continual linear regression setting, where a model is trained with L2 (isotropic) regularization across a sequence of tasks. We derive a closed-form expression for the expected generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Gilad Karpel , Edward Moroshko , Ran Levinstein , Ron Meir , Daniel Soudry , Itay Evron

Humans and animals learn throughout life. Such continual learning is crucial for intelligence. In this chapter, we examine the pivotal role plasticity mechanisms with complex internal synaptic dynamics could play in enabling this ability in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-21 Friedemann Zenke , Axel Laborieux

We study the role of $L_2$ regularization in deep learning, and uncover simple relations between the performance of the model, the $L_2$ coefficient, the learning rate, and the number of training steps. These empirical relations hold when…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-05 Aitor Lewkowycz , Guy Gur-Ari

Plasticity loss, a critical challenge in neural network training, limits a model's ability to adapt to new tasks or shifts in data distribution. This paper introduces AID (Activation by Interval-wise Dropout), a novel method inspired by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Sangyeon Park , Isaac Han , Seungwon Oh , Kyung-Joong Kim

We investigate why deep neural networks suffer from loss of plasticity in deep continual learning, failing to learn new tasks without reinitializing parameters. We show that this failure is preceded by Hessian spectral collapse at new-task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Naicheng He , Kaicheng Guo , Arjun Prakash , Saket Tiwari , Ruo Yu Tao , Tyrone Serapio , Amy Greenwald , George Konidaris

Continual learning has become a trending topic in machine learning. Recent studies have discovered an interesting phenomenon called loss of plasticity, referring to neural networks gradually losing the ability to learn new tasks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Tianhui Liu , Lili Mou

Continual learning in computer vision requires that models adapt to a continuous stream of tasks without forgetting prior knowledge, yet existing approaches often tip the balance heavily toward either plasticity or stability. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Étienne Künzel , Achref Jaziri , Visvanathan Ramesh

Loss of plasticity is a phenomenon in which a neural network loses its ability to learn when trained for an extended time on non-stationary data. It is a crucial problem to overcome when designing systems that learn continually. An…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-21 J. Fernando Hernandez-Garcia , Shibhansh Dohare , Jun Luo , Rich S. Sutton

The goal of Continual Learning (CL) task is to continuously learn multiple new tasks sequentially while achieving a balance between the plasticity and stability of new and old knowledge. This paper analyzes that this insufficiency arises…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Hanxi Xiao , Fan Lyu

A growing body of evidence suggests that neural networks employed in deep reinforcement learning (RL) gradually lose their plasticity, the ability to learn from new data; however, the analysis and mitigation of this phenomenon is hampered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Evgenii Nikishin , Junhyuk Oh , Georg Ostrovski , Clare Lyle , Razvan Pascanu , Will Dabney , André Barreto

Deep artificial neural networks famously struggle to learn from non-stationary streams of data. Without dedicated mitigation strategies, continual learning is associated with continuous forgetting of previous tasks and a progressive loss of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-29 Suzanne van der Veldt , Gido M. van de Ven , Sanne Moorman , Guillaume Etter

Due to the over-parameterization nature, neural networks are a powerful tool for nonlinear function approximation. In order to achieve good generalization on unseen data, a suitable inductive bias is of great importance for neural networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Weiyang Liu , Rongmei Lin , Zhen Liu , Li Xiong , Bernhard Schölkopf , Adrian Weller

Deep neural networks can struggle to learn continually in the face of non-stationarity. This phenomenon is known as loss of plasticity. In this paper, we identify underlying principles that lead to plastic algorithms. In particular, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Alex Lewandowski , Dale Schuurmans , Marlos C. Machado

The ability to learn different tasks sequentially is essential to the development of artificial intelligence. In general, neural networks lack this capability, the major obstacle being catastrophic forgetting. It occurs when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Kaustubh Olpadkar , Ekta Gavas

Artificial neural networks have shown remarkable success in supervised learning when trained on a single task using a fixed dataset. However, when neural networks are trained on a reinforcement learning task, their ability to continue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mansi Maheshwari , John C. Raisbeck , Bruno Castro da Silva

This paper proposes a new regularization technique for reinforcement learning (RL) towards making policy and value functions smooth and stable. RL is known for the instability of the learning process and the sensitivity of the acquired…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Taisuke Kobayashi

We consider reservoirs in the form of liquid state machines, i.e., recurrently connected networks of spiking neurons with randomly chosen weights. So far only the weights of a linear readout were adapted for a specific task. We wondered…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Anand Subramoney , Franz Scherr , Wolfgang Maass

Continual learning is inherently a constrained learning problem. The goal is to learn a predictor under a no-forgetting requirement. Although several prior studies formulate it as such, they do not solve the constrained problem explicitly.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Juan Elenter , Navid NaderiAlizadeh , Tara Javidi , Alejandro Ribeiro

While reinforcement learning (RL) holds great potential for decision making in the real world, it suffers from a number of unique difficulties which often need specific consideration. In particular: it is highly non-stationary; suffers from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Alexander David Goldie , Chris Lu , Matthew Thomas Jackson , Shimon Whiteson , Jakob Nicolaus Foerster

Plasticity refers to a network's ability to adapt to changing data distributions, which is crucial for the successful training of deep reinforcement learning agents. Loss of plasticity causes performance plateaus and contributes to scaling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Timo Klein , Christoph Luther , Manus McAuliffe , Lukas Miklautz , Claudia Plant , Sebastian Tschiatschek