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Federated Learning (FL) enables privacy-preserving multi-source information fusion (MSIF) but is challenged by client drift in highly heterogeneous data settings. Many existing drift-mitigation strategies rely on reference-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Jungwon Seo , Ferhat Ozgur Catak , Chunming Rong , Kibeom Hong , Minhoe Kim

Split Federated Learning (SFL) enables privacy-preserving collaborative training by partitioning models between clients and a server. However, under non-IID data distributions, SFL often suffers from biased optimization and unstable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuhan Xie , Chen Lyu , Jingrong Huang

Split Federated Learning (SFL) enables collaborative training between resource-constrained edge devices and a compute-rich server. Communication overhead is a central issue in SFL and can be mitigated with auxiliary networks. Yet, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Zhoubin Kou , Zihan Chen , Jing Yang , Cong Shen

Federated learning (FL) enables massive distributed Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices to learn a global consensus model without any participants revealing their own data to the central server. However, the practicality,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Zhikun Chen , Daofeng Li , Ming Zhao , Sihai Zhang , Jinkang Zhu

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that facilitates massively distributed model training with end-user data on edge devices directed by a central server. However, the large number of heterogeneous clients in FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Qifan Yan , Andrew Liu , Shiqi He , Mathias Lécuyer , Ivan Beschastnikh

Federated learning (FL) is a popular distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm, but is often limited by significant communication costs and edge device computation capabilities. Federated Split Learning (FSL) preserves the parallel model…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen

Federated Learning (FL) trains deep models across edge devices without centralizing raw data, preserving user privacy. However, client heterogeneity slows down convergence and limits global model accuracy. Clustered FL (CFL) mitigates this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minghao Li , Dmitrii Avdiukhin , Rana Shahout , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Minlan Yu

To enable training of large artificial intelligence (AI) models at the network edge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising approach by distributing computation between edge devices and a server. However, while unstable…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wei Wei , Zheng Lin , Xihui Liu , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Xianhao Chen

In recent years, there have been great advances in the field of decentralized learning with private data. Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two spearheads possessing their pros and cons, and are suited for many user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Shraman Pal , Mansi Uniyal , Jihong Park , Praneeth Vepakomma , Ramesh Raskar , Mehdi Bennis , Moongu Jeon , Jinho Choi

Split Learning (SL) is a promising collaborative machine learning approach, enabling resource-constrained devices to train models without sharing raw data, while reducing computational load and preserving privacy simultaneously. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yunrui Sun , Gang Hu , Yinglei Teng , Dunbo Cai

Split Federated Learning (SFL) is a distributed machine learning framework which strategically divides the learning process between a server and clients and collaboratively trains a shared model by aggregating local models updated based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Jiarong Yang , Yuan Liu

Federated learning (FL) is a new paradigm for distributed machine learning that allows a global model to be trained across multiple clients without compromising their privacy. Although FL has demonstrated remarkable success in various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Haolin Wang , Xuefeng Liu , Jianwei Niu , Shaojie Tang , Jiaxing Shen

Federated Learning allows the training of machine learning models by using the computation and private data resources of many distributed clients. Most existing results on Federated Learning (FL) assume the clients have ground-truth labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

Federated learning (FL) allows edge devices to collaboratively train models without sharing local data. As FL gains popularity, clients may need to train multiple unrelated FL models, but communication constraints limit their ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Haoran Zhang , Zejun Gong , Zekai Li , Marie Siew , Carlee Joe-Wong , Rachid El-Azouzi

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm that enables collaborative training of machine learning models over decentralized devices without exposing their local data. One of the major challenges in FL is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Md Sirajul Islam , Simin Javaherian , Fei Xu , Xu Yuan , Li Chen , Nian-Feng Tzeng

Over the past few years, Federated Learning (FL) has become a popular distributed machine learning paradigm. FL involves a group of clients with decentralized data who collaborate to learn a common model under the coordination of a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Jieming Bian , Lei Wang , Kun Yang , Cong Shen , Jie Xu

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed learning scheme, named group-based split federated learning (GSFL), to speed up artificial intelligence (AI) model training. Specifically, the GSFL operates in a split-then-federated manner,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Songge Zhang , Wen Wu , Penghui Hu , Shaofeng Li , Ning Zhang

This paper proposes a cooperative mechanism for mitigating the performance degradation due to non-independent-and-identically-distributed (non-IID) data in collaborative machine learning (ML), namely federated learning (FL), which trains an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Naoya Yoshida , Takayuki Nishio , Masahiro Morikura , Koji Yamamoto , Ryo Yonetani

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm enabling collaborative model training on decentralized devices without exposing their local data. A key challenge in FL is the uneven data distribution across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Md Sirajul Islam , Simin Javaherian , Fei Xu , Xu Yuan , Li Chen , Nian-Feng Tzeng

Federated Learning (FL) is a popular collaborative learning scheme involving multiple clients and a server. FL focuses on protecting clients' data but turns out to be highly vulnerable to Intellectual Property (IP) threats. Since FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Jingtao Li , Adnan Siraj Rakin , Xing Chen , Li Yang , Zhezhi He , Deliang Fan , Chaitali Chakrabarti