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The signature of a parametric curve is a sequence of tensors whose entries are iterated integrals. This construction is central to the theory of rough paths in stochastic analysis. It is here examined through the lens of algebraic geometry.…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-12-04 Carlos Améndola , Peter Friz , Bernd Sturmfels

The signature of a path is a sequence of tensors which allows to uniquely reconstruct the path. By employing the geometric theory of nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations, we find necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-05-20 Francesco Galuppi , Giovanni Moreno , Pierpaola Santarsiero

Matrix congruence extends naturally to the setting of tensors. We apply methods from tensor decomposition, algebraic geometry and numerical optimization to this group action. Given a tensor in the orbit of another tensor, we compute a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-11-26 Max Pfeffer , Anna Seigal , Bernd Sturmfels

The signature of a path is a sequence of tensors which allows to uniquely reconstruct the path. In this paper we propose a systematic study of basic properties of signature tensors, starting from their rank, symmetries and conciseness. We…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Francesco Galuppi , Pierpaola Santarsiero

Splines are central objects for the interpolation of discrete data via piecewise smooth paths. Their iterated-integral signature is an infinite collection of tensors which characterizes paths almost uniquely. We study truncations of this…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-02-16 Carlos Améndola , Felix Lotter , Leonard Schmitz

The signature of a path is a non-commutative power series whose coefficients are given by certain iterated integrals over the path coordinates. This series almost uniquely characterizes the path up to translation and reparameterization.…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Carlos Améndola , Angelo El Saliby , Felix Lotter , Oriol Reig Fité

In stochastic analysis, a standard method to study a path is to work with its signature. This is a sequence of tensors of different order that encode information of the path in a compact form. When the path varies, such signatures…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Laura Colmenarejo , Francesco Galuppi , Mateusz Michałek

We provide an introduction to the signature method, focusing on its theoretical properties and machine learning applications. Our presentation is divided into two parts. In the first part, we present the definition and fundamental…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-29 Ilya Chevyrev , Andrey Kormilitzin

We introduce a new feature map for barcodes that arise in persistent homology computation. The main idea is to first realize each barcode as a path in a convenient vector space, and to then compute its path signature which takes values in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-28 Ilya Chevyrev , Vidit Nanda , Harald Oberhauser

Tensors or {\em multi-way arrays} are functions of three or more indices $(i,j,k,\cdots)$ -- similar to matrices (two-way arrays), which are functions of two indices $(r,c)$ for (row,column). Tensors have a rich history, stretching over…

We present a fit-for-purpose introduction to tensors and their operations. It is envisaged to help the reader become acquainted with its underpinning concepts for the study of path signatures. The text includes exercises, solutions and many…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-02-26 Jack Beda , Goncalo dos Reis , Nikolas Tapia

The signature transform, defined by the formal tensor series of global iterated path integrals, is a homomorphism between the path space and the tensor algebra that has been studied in geometry, control theory, number theory as well as…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2022-11-09 Horatio Boedihardjo , Xi Geng

Signature tensors of paths are a versatile tool for data analysis and machine learning. Recently, they have been applied to persistent homology, by embedding barcodes into spaces of paths. Among the different path embeddings, the…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Vincenzo Galgano , Heather A. Harrington , Daniel Tolosa

We study signature tensors of paths from a geometric viewpoint. The signatures of a given class of paths parametrize an algebraic variety inside the space of tensors, and these signature varieties provide both new tools to investigate paths…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2019-09-13 Francesco Galuppi

The sequential data observed in earth science can be regarded as paths in multidimensional space. To read the path effectively, it is useful to convert it into a sequence of numbers called the signature, which can faithfully describe the…

Geophysics · Physics 2022-04-05 Nozomi Sugiura

The signature of a membrane is a sequence of tensors whose entries are iterated integrals. We study algebraic properties of membrane signatures, with a focus on signature matrices of polynomial and piecewise bilinear membranes. Generalizing…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-02-18 Felix Lotter , Leonard Schmitz

Tensors are multidimensional arrays of numerical values and therefore generalize matrices to multiple dimensions. While tensors first emerged in the psychometrics community in the $20^{\text{th}}$ century, they have since then spread to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-30 Stephan Rabanser , Oleksandr Shchur , Stephan Günnemann

In this article we introduce the insertion method for reconstructing the path from its signature, i.e. inverting the signature of a path. For this purpose, we prove that a converging upper bound exists for the difference between the…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-07-22 Jiawei Chang , Terry Lyons

We introduce a crossed module of piecewise linear surfaces and study the signature homomorphism, defined as the surface holonomy of a universal translation invariant $2$-connection. This provides a transform whereby surfaces are represented…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Francis Bischoff , Darrick Lee

The widespread use of multi-sensor technology and the emergence of big datasets has highlighted the limitations of standard flat-view matrix models and the necessity to move towards more versatile data analysis tools. We show that…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2015-06-19 A. Cichocki , D. Mandic , A-H. Phan , C. Caiafa , G. Zhou , Q. Zhao , L. De Lathauwer
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