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In blockchain systems, the design of transaction fee mechanisms is essential for stability and satisfaction for both miners and users. A recent work has proven the impossibility of collusion-proof mechanisms that achieve both non-zero miner…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Xi Chen , David Simchi-Levi , Zishuo Zhao , Yuan Zhou

In this paper we show that, using only mild assumptions, previously proposed multidimensional blockchain fee markets are essentially optimal, even against worst-case adversaries. In particular, we show that the average welfare gap between…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Guillermo Angeris , Theo Diamandis , Ciamac Moallemi

This paper studies the global Nash equilibrium problem of leader-follower multi-agent dynamics, which yields consensus with a privacy information encrypted learning algorithm. With the secure hierarchical structure, the relationship between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-08 Kun Zhang , Ji-Feng Zhang , Rong Su , Huaguang Zhang

Incentive mechanisms are central to the functionality of permissionless blockchains: they incentivize participants to run and secure the underlying consensus protocol. Designing incentive-compatible incentive mechanisms is notoriously…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Charlie Hou , Mingxun Zhou , Yan Ji , Phil Daian , Florian Tramer , Giulia Fanti , Ari Juels

Bitcoin-NG, a scalable blockchain protocol, divides each block into a key block and many micro blocks to effectively improve the transaction processing capacity. Bitcoin-NG has a special incentive mechanism (i.e. splitting transaction fees…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Taotao Wang , Xiaoqian Bai , Hao Wang , Soung Chang Liew , Shengli Zhang

An emerging blockchain protocol design pattern leverages the asymmetry between the computational effort in performing versus verifying tasks. For example, cryptographic validity proofs (e.g., SNARKS) require the prover to expend significant…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maryam Bahrani , Michael Neuder , S. Matthew Weinberg

Consider a set of parties invited to execute a protocol $\Pi$. The protocol will incur some cost to run while in the end (or at regular intervals), it will populate and update local tables that assign (virtual) rewards to participants. Each…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Aggelos Kiayias , Aikaterini-Panagiota Stouka

Proof-of-Stake blockchains based on a longest-chain consensus protocol are an attractive energy-friendly alternative to the Proof-of-Work paradigm. However, formal barriers to "getting the incentives right" were recently discovered, driven…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Matheus V. X. Ferreira , S. Matthew Weinberg

We propose a novel consensus protocol based on a hybrid approach, that combines a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and a classical chain of blocks. This architecture allows us to enforce collective block construction, minimising the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Marcin Abram , David Galindo , Daniel Honerkamp , Jonathan Ward , Jin-Mann Wong

We consider colorful bin packing games in which selfish players control a set of items which are to be packed into a minimum number of unit capacity bins. Each item has one of $m\geq 2$ colors and cannot be packed next to an item of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Vittorio Bilò , Francesco Cellinese , Giovanna Melideo , Gianpiero Monaco

Low transaction throughput and poor scalability are significant issues in public blockchain consensus protocols such as Bitcoins. Recent research efforts in this direction have proposed shard-based consensus protocols where the key idea is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Murtuza Jadliwala , Anindya Maiti , Mahdi Fooladgar

Blockchains based on the celebrated Nakamoto consensus protocol have shown promise in several applications, including cryptocurrencies. However, these blockchains have inherent scalability limits caused by the protocol's consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Qing Zhang , Xueping Gong , Huizhong Li , Hao Wu , Jiheng Zhang

We model and analyze blockchain miners who seek to maximize the compound return of their mining businesses. The analysis of the optimal strategies finds a new equilibrium point among the miners and the mining pools, which predicts the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Go Yamamoto , Aron Laszka , Fuhito Kojima

A blockchain system is a replicated state machine that must be fault tolerant. When designing a blockchain system, there is usually a trade-off between decentralization, scalability, and security. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Tai-Yuan Chen , Wei-Ning Huang , Po-Chun Kuo , Hao Chung , Tzu-Wei Chao

As an emerging decentralized secure data management platform, blockchain has gained much popularity recently. To maintain a canonical state of blockchain data record, proof-of-work based consensus protocols provide the nodes, referred to as…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Yutao Jiao , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato , Kongrath Suankaewmanee

Blockchain consensus is a state whereby each node in a network agrees on the current state of the blockchain. Existing protocols achieve consensus via a contest or voting procedure to select one node as a dictator to propose new blocks.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2022-06-22 Joshua S. Gans , Richard Holden

The Bitcoin cryptocurrency records its transactions in a public log called the blockchain. Its security rests critically on the distributed protocol that maintains the blockchain, run by participants called miners. Conventional wisdom…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-11-18 Ittay Eyal , Emin Gun Sirer

We study a game-theoretic model of blockchain mining economies and show that griefing, a practice according to which participants harm other participants at some lesser cost to themselves, is a prevalent threat at its Nash equilibria. The…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Yun Kuen Cheung , Stefanos Leonardos , Georgios Piliouras , Shyam Sridhar

We formally define the fungible token coloring problem of attributing (coloring) fungible tokens to originating entities (minters), and present, to our knowledge, the first practical onchain algorithm to solve it. Tracking attribution of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Ryan Zarick , Bryan Pellegrino , Isaac Zhang , Thomas Kim , Caleb Banister

Mining processes of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies are currently incentivized with voluntary transaction fees and fixed block rewards which will halve gradually to zero. In the setting where optional and arbitrary transaction fee…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Tiantian Gong , Mohsen Minaei , Wenhai Sun , Aniket Kate