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Interactive recommender systems (IRS) are increasingly optimized with Reinforcement Learning (RL) to capture the sequential nature of user-system dynamics. However, existing fairness-aware methods often suffer from a fundamental oversight:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yun Lu , Xiaoyu Shi , Hong Xie , Xiangyu Zhao , Mingsheng Shang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is concerned with how intelligence agents take actions in a given environment to maximize the cumulative reward they receive. In healthcare, applying RL algorithms could assist patients in improving their health…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-21 Chengchun Shi

Learning to rank (LTR) plays a crucial role in various Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. Although supervised LTR methods based on fine-grained relevance labels (e.g., document-level annotations) have achieved significant success, their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yiteng Tu , Zhichao Xu , Tao Yang , Weihang Su , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu , Fen Lin , Qin Liu , Qingyao Ai

While Long Chain-of-Thought (Long CoT) reasoning has shown promise in Large Language Models (LLMs), its adoption for enhancing recommendation quality is growing rapidly. In this work, we critically examine this trend and argue that Long CoT…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hongxun Ding , Keqin Bao , Jizhi Zhang , Yi Fang , Wenxin Xu , Fuli Feng , Xiangnan He

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is widely used to study hidden or hard-to-reach populations by incentivizing study participants to recruit their social connections. The success and efficiency of RDS can depend critically on the nature of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-06 Justin Weltz , Angela Yoon , Yichi Zhang , Alexander Volfovsky , Eric Laber

In this paper, we propose a robust sequential learning strategy for training large-scale Recommender Systems (RS) over implicit feedback mainly in the form of clicks. Our approach relies on the minimization of a pairwise ranking loss over…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Alexandra Burashnikova , Yury Maximov , Massih-Reza Amini

Designing effective reward functions remains a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning (RL), as it often requires extensive human effort and domain expertise. While RL from human feedback has been successful in aligning agents with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Tung Minh Luu , Younghwan Lee , Donghoon Lee , Sunho Kim , Min Jun Kim , Chang D. Yoo

We study reinforcement learning (RL) problems in which agents observe the reward or transition realizations at their current state before deciding which action to take. Such observations are available in many applications, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Nadav Merlis

Recent research has employed reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to optimize long-term user engagement in recommender systems, thereby avoiding common pitfalls such as user boredom and filter bubbles. They capture the sequential and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Romain Deffayet , Thibaut Thonet , Jean-Michel Renders , Maarten de Rijke

Recommender systems (RSs) have emerged as very useful tools to help customers with their decision-making process, find items of their interest, and alleviate the information overload problem. There are two different lines of approaches in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Shahpar Yakhchi

In Conversational Recommendation Systems (CRS), a user can provide feedback on recommended items at each interaction turn, leading the CRS towards more desirable recommendations. Currently, different types of CRS offer various possibilities…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Maria Vlachou , Craig Macdonald

Conversational recommender systems (CRS) based on Large Language Models (LLMs) need to constantly be aligned to the user preferences to provide satisfying and context-relevant item recommendations. The traditional supervised fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Zhongheng Yang , Aijia Sun , Yushang Zhao , Yinuo Yang , Dannier Li , Chengrui Zhou

Randomized experiments (a.k.a. A/B tests) are a powerful tool for estimating treatment effects, to inform decisions making in business, healthcare and other applications. In many problems, the treatment has a lasting effect that evolves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Ziyang Tang , Yiheng Duan , Stephanie Zhang , Lihong Li

Interactive reinforcement learning has allowed speeding up the learning process in autonomous agents by including a human trainer providing extra information to the agent in real-time. Current interactive reinforcement learning research has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Adam Bignold , Francisco Cruz , Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew , Cameron Foale

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently been introduced to interactive recommender systems (IRS) because of its nature of learning from dynamic interactions and planning for long-run performance. As IRS is always with thousands of items to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Haokun Chen , Xinyi Dai , Han Cai , Weinan Zhang , Xuejian Wang , Ruiming Tang , Yuzhou Zhang , Yong Yu

Fine-tuning foundation models has emerged as a powerful approach for generating objects with specific desired properties. Reinforcement learning (RL) provides an effective framework for this purpose, enabling models to generate outputs that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Pouya M. Ghari , Simone Sciabola , Ye Wang

Incentive mechanisms for crowdsourcing are designed to incentivize financially self-interested workers to generate and report high-quality labels. Existing mechanisms are often developed as one-shot static solutions, assuming a certain…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-06-04 Zehong Hu , Yitao Liang , Yang Liu , Jie Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a rapidly growing area of machine learning that finds its application in a broad range of domains, from finance and healthcare to robotics and gaming. Compared to other machine learning techniques, RL agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Geetansh Kalra , Divye Singh , Justin Jose

Reinforcement learning (RL) can align language models with non-differentiable reward signals, such as human preferences. However, a major challenge arises from the sparsity of these reward signals - typically, there is only a single reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Meng Cao , Lei Shu , Lei Yu , Yun Zhu , Nevan Wichers , Yinxiao Liu , Lei Meng

Recommender systems aim to fulfill the user's daily demands. While most existing research focuses on maximizing the user's engagement with the system, it has recently been pointed out that how frequently the users come back for the service…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ziru Liu , Shuchang Liu , Bin Yang , Zhenghai Xue , Qingpeng Cai , Xiangyu Zhao , Zijian Zhang , Lantao Hu , Han Li , Peng Jiang