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The exponential growth of social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook has revolutionized textual communication and textual content publication in human society. However, they have been increasingly exploited to propagate toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Wenxuan Wang , Jen-tse Huang , Weibin Wu , Jianping Zhang , Yizhan Huang , Shuqing Li , Pinjia He , Michael Lyu

The rapid growth of audio-centric platforms and applications such as WhatsApp and Twitter has transformed the way people communicate and share audio content in modern society. However, these platforms are increasingly misused to disseminate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenxuan Wang , Yongjiang Wu , Junyuan Zhang , Shuqing Li , Yun Peng , Wenting Chen , Shuai Wang , Michael R. Lyu

The exponential growth of social media platforms, such as Facebook and TikTok, has revolutionized communication and content publication in human society. Users on these platforms can publish multimedia content that delivers information via…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Wenxuan Wang , Jingyuan Huang , Chang Chen , Jiazhen Gu , Jianping Zhang , Weibin Wu , Pinjia He , Michael Lyu

Growing evidence shows that proactive content moderation supported by AI can help improve online discourse. However, we know little about designing these systems, how design impacts efficacy and user experience, and how people perceive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Mark Warner , Angelika Strohmayer , Matthew Higgs , Husnain Rafiq , Liying Yang , Lynne Coventry

Online toxic content has grown into a pervasive phenomenon, intensifying during times of crisis, elections, and social unrest. A significant amount of research has been focused on detecting or analyzing toxic content using machine-learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gautam Kishore Shahi , Tim A. Majchrzak

Content moderation is the process of screening and monitoring user-generated content online. It plays a crucial role in stopping content resulting from unacceptable behaviors such as hate speech, harassment, violence against specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Álvaro Huertas-García , Alejandro Martín , Javier Huertas Tato , David Camacho

Online memes are a powerful yet challenging medium for content moderation, often masking harmful intent behind humor, irony, or cultural symbolism. Conventional moderation systems "especially those relying on explicit text" frequently fail…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Sayantan Adak , Somnath Banerjee , Rajarshi Mandal , Avik Halder , Sayan Layek , Rima Hazra , Animesh Mukherjee

The evolution of digital communication systems and the designs of online platforms have inadvertently facilitated the subconscious propagation of toxic behavior. Giving rise to reactive responses to toxic behavior. Toxicity in online…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Smita Khapre , Melkamu Abay Mersha , Hassan Shakil , Jonali Baruah , Jugal Kalita

This paper analyzes the community safety guidelines of five text-to-image (T2I) generation platforms and audits five T2I models, focusing on prompts related to the representation of humans in areas that might lead to societal stigma. While…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Piera Riccio , Georgina Curto , Nuria Oliver

There is an ongoing debate about how to moderate toxic speech on social media and the impact of content moderation on online discourse. This paper proposes and validates a methodology for measuring the content-moderation-induced distortions…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Mahyar Habibi , Dirk Hovy , Carlo Schwarz

While recent research has focused on developing safeguards for generative AI (GAI) model-level content safety, little is known about how content moderation to prevent malicious content performs for end-users in real-world GAI products. To…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Lan Gao , Oscar Chen , Rachel Lee , Nick Feamster , Chenhao Tan , Marshini Chetty

Data is one of the most critical elements in building a large language model. However, existing systems either fail to customize a corpus curation pipeline or neglect to leverage comprehensive corpus assessment for iterative optimization of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Tong Zhou , Yubo Chen , Pengfei Cao , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao , Shengping Liu

The detection of sensitive content in large datasets is crucial for ensuring that shared and analysed data is free from harmful material. However, current moderation tools, such as external APIs, suffer from limitations in customisation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Dimosthenis Antypas , Indira Sen , Carla Perez-Almendros , Jose Camacho-Collados , Francesco Barbieri

The spread of toxic content on online platforms presents complex challenges that call for both theoretical insight and practical tools to test intervention strategies. In this novel research paper, we introduce a simulation-based framework…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Letizia Milli , Laura Pollacci , Riccardo Guidotti

Social media platforms struggle to protect users from harmful content through content moderation. These platforms have recently leveraged machine learning models to cope with the vast amount of user-generated content daily. Since moderation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Donghyun Son , Byounggyu Lew , Kwanghee Choi , Yongsu Baek , Seungwoo Choi , Beomjun Shin , Sungjoo Ha , Buru Chang

Toxicity detection algorithms, originally designed with reactive content moderation in mind, are increasingly being deployed into proactive end-user interventions to moderate content. Through a socio-technical lens and focusing on contexts…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Mark Warner , Angelika Strohmayer , Matthew Higgs , Lynne Coventry

The prevalence of harmful content on social media platforms poses significant risks to users and society, necessitating more effective and scalable content moderation strategies. Current approaches rely on human moderators, supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Akash Bonagiri , Lucen Li , Rajvardhan Oak , Zeerak Babar , Magdalena Wojcieszak , Anshuman Chhabra

State-of-the-art Diffusion Models (DMs) produce highly realistic images. While prior work has successfully mitigated Not Safe For Work (NSFW) content in the visual domain, we identify a novel threat: the generation of NSFW text embedded…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Aditya Kumar , Tom Blanchard , Adam Dziedzic , Franziska Boenisch

We present a holistic approach to building a robust and useful natural language classification system for real-world content moderation. The success of such a system relies on a chain of carefully designed and executed steps, including the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Todor Markov , Chong Zhang , Sandhini Agarwal , Tyna Eloundou , Teddy Lee , Steven Adler , Angela Jiang , Lilian Weng

Lack of moderation in online communities enables participants to incur in personal aggression, harassment or cyberbullying, issues that have been accentuated by extremist radicalisation in the contemporary post-truth politics scenario. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Nestor Rodriguez , Sergio Rojas-Galeano
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