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While zero-shot appearance-based 3D gaze estimation offers significant cost-efficiency by directly mapping RGB images to gaze vectors, its reliability in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) settings remains uncertain. Existing benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Berk Sezer , Ali Görkem Küçük , Erol Şahin , Sinan Kalkan

Gaze tracking is a valuable tool with a broad range of applications in various fields, including medicine, psychology, virtual reality, marketing, and safety. Therefore, it is essential to have gaze tracking software that is cost-efficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Galen O'Shea , Majid Komeili

Automatic eye gaze estimation has interested researchers for a while now. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised learning based method for estimating the eye gaze region. To train the proposed network "Ize-Net" in self-supervised manner,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Neeru Dubey , Shreya Ghosh , Abhinav Dhall

Unconstrained remote gaze tracking using off-the-shelf cameras is a challenging problem. Recently, promising algorithms for appearance-based gaze estimation using convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been proposed. Improving their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Rajeev Ranjan , Shalini De Mello , Jan Kautz

Multiple datasets have been created for training and testing appearance-based gaze estimators. Intuitively, more data should lead to better performance. However, combining datasets to train a single esti-mator rarely improves gaze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Liang Wu , Bertram E. Shi

Appearance-based gaze estimation is believed to work well in real-world settings, but existing datasets have been collected under controlled laboratory conditions and methods have been not evaluated across multiple datasets. In this work we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-02-07 Xucong Zhang , Yusuke Sugano , Mario Fritz , Andreas Bulling

Predicting gaze behavior in virtual reality environments remains a significant challenge with implications for rendering optimization and interface design. This paper introduces a multimodal approach to VR gaze prediction that combines…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Farhaan Ebadulla , Chiraag Mudlpaur , Shreya Chaurasia , Gaurav BV

Eye gaze is an important non-verbal cue for human affect analysis. Recent gaze estimation work indicated that information from the full face region can benefit performance. Pushing this idea further, we propose an appearance-based method…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Xucong Zhang , Yusuke Sugano , Mario Fritz , Andreas Bulling

In this research, we present SLYKLatent, a novel approach for enhancing gaze estimation by addressing appearance instability challenges in datasets due to aleatoric uncertainties, covariant shifts, and test domain generalization. SLYKLatent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Samuel Adebayo , Joost C. Dessing , Seán McLoone

Despite the recent development of learning-based gaze estimation methods, most methods require one or more eye or face region crops as inputs and produce a gaze direction vector as output. Cropping results in a higher resolution in the eye…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Haldun Balim , Seonwook Park , Xi Wang , Xucong Zhang , Otmar Hilliges

Unconstrained remote gaze estimation remains challenging mostly due to its vulnerability to the large variability in head-pose. Prior solutions struggle to maintain reliable accuracy in unconstrained remote gaze tracking. Among them,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Zhecan Wang , Jian Zhao , Cheng Lu , Han Huang , Fan Yang , Lianji Li , Yandong Guo

A user's eyes provide means for Human Computer Interaction (HCI) research as an important modal. The time to time scientific explorations of the eye has already seen an upsurge of the benefits in HCI applications from gaze estimation to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Atul Sahay , Imon Mukherjee , Kavi Arya

Gaze estimation is a crucial task in computer vision, however, existing methods suffer from high computational costs, which limit their practical deployment in resource-limited environments. In this paper, we propose a novel lightweight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Tao Xu , Bo Wu , Ruilong Fan , Yun Zhou , Di Huang

Estimating human gaze from natural eye images only is a challenging task. Gaze direction can be defined by the pupil- and the eyeball center where the latter is unobservable in 2D images. Hence, achieving highly accurate gaze estimates is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Seonwook Park , Adrian Spurr , Otmar Hilliges

Non-invasive gaze estimation methods usually regress gaze directions directly from a single face or eye image. However, due to important variabilities in eye shapes and inner eye structures amongst individuals, universal models obtain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Gang Liu , Yu Yu , Kenneth A. Funes Mora , Jean-Marc Odobez

We present FACESEC, a framework for fine-grained robustness evaluation of face recognition systems. FACESEC evaluation is performed along four dimensions of adversarial modeling: the nature of perturbation (e.g., pixel-level or face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Liang Tong , Zhengzhang Chen , Jingchao Ni , Wei Cheng , Dongjin Song , Haifeng Chen , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

In this paper a review is presented of the research on eye gaze estimation techniques and applications, that has progressed in diverse ways over the past two decades. Several generic eye gaze use-cases are identified: desktop, TV,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Anuradha Kar , Peter Corcoran

Appearance-based gaze estimation systems have shown great progress recently, yet the performance of these techniques depend on the datasets used for training. Most of the existing gaze estimation datasets setup in interactive settings were…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Murthy L. R. D. , Abhishek Mukhopadhyay , Shambhavi Aggarwal , Ketan Anand , Pradipta Biswas

Unconstrained gaze estimation is the process of determining where a subject is directing their visual attention in uncontrolled environments. Gaze estimation systems are important for a myriad of tasks such as driver distraction monitoring,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Franko Šikić , Donik Vršnak , Sven Lončarić

This study evaluates a smartphone-based, deep-learning eye-tracking algorithm by comparing its performance against a commercial infrared-based eye tracker, the Tobii Pro Nano. The aim is to investigate the feasibility of appearance-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Nishan Gunawardena , Gough Yumu Lui , Bahman Javadi , Jeewani Anupama Ginige