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Habitability is a measure of an environment's potential to support life, and a habitable exoplanet supports liquid water on its surface. However, a planet's success in maintaining liquid water on its surface is the end result of a complex…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-15 Ravi kumar Kopparapu , Eric T. Wolf , Victoria S. Meadows

The metal content of planet hosting stars is an important ingredient which may affect the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Accurate stellar abundances require the determinations of reliable physical parameters, namely the…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2010-08-23 L. Ghezzi , K. Cunha , V. V. Smith , F. X. de Araújo , S. C. Schuler , R. de la Reza

By measuring the elemental abundances of a star, we can gain insight into the composition of its initial gas cloud -- the formation site of the star and its planets. Planet formation requires metals, the availability of which is determined…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-02 Jared R. Kolecki , Ji Wang , Jennifer A. Johnson , Joel C. Zinn , Ilya Ilyin , Klaus G Strassmeier

Currently, there are about 3 dozen known super-Earth (M < 10 MEarth), of which 8 are transiting planets suitable for atmospheric follow-up observations. Some of the planets are exposed to extreme temperatures as they orbit close to their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-30 Laura Schaefer , Katharina Lodders , Bruce Fegley

Recent advances in space and ground-based facilities now enable atmospheric characterization of a selected sample of rocky exoplanets. These atmospheres offer key insights into planetary formation and evolution, but their interpretation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-29 Leonardos Gkouvelis , Francisco J. Pozuelos , Thomas Drant , Mohammad Farhat , Meng Tian , Can Akın

When searching for exoplanets and ultimately considering their habitability, it is necessary to consider the planet's composition, geophysical processes, and geochemical cycles in order to constrain the bioessential elements available to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-09-02 Natalie R. Hinkel , Hilairy E. Hartnett , Patrick A. Young

More than 3000 exoplanets have been detected so far, and more and more spectroscopic observations of exoplanets are performed. Future instruments are eagerly awaited as they will be able to provide spectroscopic data with a greater accuracy…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-10-19 Olivia Venot , Marco Rocchetto , Shaun Carl , Aysha Hashim , Leen Decin

Climate transitions on exoplanets offer valuable insights into the atmospheric processes governing planetary habitability. Previous pure-steam atmospheric models show a thermal limit in outgoing long-wave radiation, which has been used to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-19 Iris D. Boer , Harrison Nicholls , Tim Lichtenberg

As the number of detected rocky extrasolar planets increases, the question of whether their surfaces could be habitable is becoming more pertinent. On Earth, the long-term carbonate silicate cycle is able to regulate surface temperatures…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-08 Amanda Kruijver , Dennis Höning , Wim van Westrenen

The potential habitability of a terrestrial planet is usually defined by the possible existence of liquid water on its surface. The potential presence of liquid water depends on many factors such as, most importantly, surface temperatures.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-04-08 M. Godolt , J. L. Grenfell , A. Hamann-Reinus , D. Kitzmann , M. Kunze , U. Langematz , P. von Paris , A. B. C. Patzer , H. Rauer , B. Stracke

The magma ocean (MO) is a crucial stage in the build-up of terrestrial planets. Its solidification and the accompanying outgassing of volatiles set the conditions for important processes occurring later or even simultaneously, such as…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-04-11 Athanasia Nikolaou , Nisha Katyal , Nicola Tosi , Mareike Godolt , John Lee Grenfell , Heike Rauer

Carbon-enriched rocky exoplanets have been proposed around dwarf stars as well as around binary stars, white dwarfs and pulsars. However, the mineralogical make up of such planets is poorly constrained. We performed high-pressure…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-01 Kaustubh Hakim , Rob Spaargaren , Damanveer S. Grewal , Arno Rohrbach , Jasper Berndt , Carsten Dominik , Wim van Westrenen

Knowledge of both the mass and radius of an exoplanet allows us to estimate its mean density, and therefore its composition. Exoplanets seem to fill a very large parameter space in terms of mass and composition, and unlike the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Ravit Helled , Morris Podolak , Eran Vos

Understanding how exoplanet atmospheres evolve is a key question in the context of habitability. One key process governing this evolution is atmospheric evaporation by stellar X-ray and EUV emission (collectively, XUV). As such, the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-26 Victor See , Charlotte Fairman , Louis Amard , Oliver Hall

The next step on the path toward another Earth is to find atmospheres similar to those of Earth and Venus - high-molecular-weight (secondary) atmospheres - on rocky exoplanets. Many rocky exoplanets are born with thick (> 10 kbar)…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-06-01 Edwin S. Kite , Megan Barnett

The growing database of exoplanets have shown us the statistical characteristics of various exoplanet populations, providing insight towards their origins. Observational evidence suggests that the process by which gas giants are conceived…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-05-17 Jonathan H. Jiang , Daniel Zhao , Xuan Ji , Bohan Xie , Kristen A. Fahy

Stellar parameters of 25 planet-hosting stars and abundances of Li, C, O, Na, Mg, Al, S, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Y, Zr, Ba, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu, were studied based on homogeneous high resolution spectra and uniform…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-05-12 T. Mishenina , N. Basak , V. Adibekyan , C. Soubiran , V. Kovtyukh

Fe-bearing MgO [(Mg$_{1-x}$Fe$_x$)O] is considered a major constituent of terrestrial exoplanets. Crystallizing in the B1 structure in the Earth's lower mantle, (Mg$_{1-x}$Fe$_x$)O undergoes a high-spin ($S=2$) to low-spin ($S=0$)…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-05-20 Han Hsu , Koichiro Umemoto

Magma oceans are episodes of large-scale melting of the mantle of terrestrial planets. The energy delivered by the Moon-forming impact induced a deep magma ocean on the young Earth, corresponding to the last episode of core-mantle…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-07 Maxime Maurice , Rajdeep Dasgupta , Pedram Hassanzadeh

Exoplanet discoveries of recent years have provided a great deal of new data for studying the bulk compositions of giant planets. Here we identify 47 transiting giant planets ($20 M_\oplus < M < 20 M_{\mathrm{J}}$) whose stellar insolation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-08 Daniel P. Thorngren , Jonathan J. Fortney , Ruth A. Murray-Clay , Eric D. Lopez