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Arabic handwritten text recognition (HTR) is challenging, especially for historical texts, due to diverse writing styles and the intrinsic features of Arabic script. Additionally, Arabic handwriting datasets are smaller compared to English…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Adrian Chan , Anupam Mijar , Mehreen Saeed , Chau-Wai Wong , Akram Khater

Despite considerable progress in handwritten text recognition, paragraph-level handwritten text recognition, especially in low-resource languages, such as Hindi, Urdu and similar scripts, remains a challenging problem. These languages,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sayantan Dey , Alireza Alaei , Partha Pratim Roy

In this paper, we face the problem of offline handwritten text recognition (HTR) in historical documents when few labeled samples are available and some of them contain errors in the train set. Three main contributions are developed. First…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-25 José Carlos Aradillas , Juan José Murillo-Fuentes , Pablo M. Olmos

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is a task of central importance in the field of document image understanding. State-of-the-art methods for HTR require the use of extensive annotated sets for training, making them impractical for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Petros Georgoulas Wraight , Giorgos Sfikas , Ioannis Kordonis , Petros Maragos , George Retsinas

The Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) task is a critical branch in the field of OCR. Recent studies have demonstrated that incorporating bidirectional context information significantly improves the performance of HMER…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Hanbo Cheng , Chenyu Liu , Pengfei Hu , Zhenrong Zhang , Jiefeng Ma , Jun Du

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) in free-layout pages is a challenging image understanding task that can provide a relevant boost to the digitization of handwritten documents and reuse of their content. The task becomes even more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Silvia Cascianelli , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has extensive applications in automated grading and office automation. However, existing sequence-based decoding methods, which directly predict $\LaTeX$ sequences, struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Jianhua Zhu , Wenqi Zhao , Yu Li , Xingjian Hu , Liangcai Gao

Recent advancements in Deep Learning-based Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) have led to models with remarkable performance on both modern and historical manuscripts in large benchmark datasets. Nonetheless, those models struggle to obtain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Vittorio Pippi , Silvia Cascianelli , Christopher Kermorvant , Rita Cucchiara

This paper introduces a new way for text-line extraction by integrating deep-learning based pre-classification and state-of-the-art segmentation methods. Text-line extraction in complex handwritten documents poses a significant challenge,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Michele Alberti , Lars Vögtlin , Vinaychandran Pondenkandath , Mathias Seuret , Rolf Ingold , Marcus Liwicki

Traditional machine learning models for Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) rely on supervised training, requiring extensive manual annotations, and often produce errors due to the separation between layout and text processing. In contrast,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Giorgia Crosilla , Lukas Klic , Giovanni Colavizza

The problem of converting images of text into plain text is a widely researched topic in both academia and industry. Arabic handwritten Text Recognation (AHTR) poses additional challenges due to diverse handwriting styles and limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Alhossien Waly , Bassant Tarek , Ali Feteha , Rewan Yehia , Gasser Amr , Ahmed Fares

This paper presents the first end-to-end pipeline for Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) for Old Nepali, a historically significant but low-resource language. We adopt a line-level transcription approach and systematically explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Anjali Sarawgi , Esteban Garces Arias , Christof Zotter

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao

Recent advances in Automatic Text Recognition (ATR) have improved access to historical archives, yet a methodological divide persists between palaeographic transcriptions and normalized digital editions. While ATR models trained on more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Thibault Clérice , Rachel Bawden , Anthony Glaise , Ariane Pinche , David Smith

A handwritten word recognition system comes with issues such as lack of large and diverse datasets. It is necessary to resolve such issues since millions of official documents can be digitized by training deep learning models using a large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Nova Ahmed , Carson Leung

This paper presents a temporal classification method for all three subtasks of symbol segmentation, symbol recognition and relation classification in online handwritten mathematical expressions (HMEs). The classification model is trained by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Thanh-Nghia Truong , Hung Tuan Nguyen , Masaki Nakagawa

Optical Music Recognition (OMR) is a cornerstone of music digitization initiatives in cultural heritage, yet it remains limited by the scarcity of annotated data and the complexity of historical manuscripts. In this paper, we present a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Sachin Sharma , Federico Simonetta , Michele Flammini

Recent advancements in handwritten text recognition (HTR) have enabled the effective conversion of handwritten text to digital formats. However, achieving robust recognition across diverse writing styles remains challenging. Traditional HTR…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Wenhao Gu , Li Gu , Ching Yee Suen , Yang Wang

In the Middle Ages texts were learned by heart and spread using oral means of communication from generation to generation. Adaptation of the art of prose and poems allowed keeping particular descriptions and compositions characteristic for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Arianna Di Bernardo , Simone Poetto , Pietro Sillano , Beatrice Villata , Weronika Sójka , Zofia Piętka-Danilewicz , Piotr Pranke

Handwritten text recognition is an open problem of great interest in the area of automatic document image analysis. The transcription of handwritten content present in digitized documents is significant in analyzing historical archives or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Jorge Sueiras