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The domain of natural language processing (NLP), which has greatly evolved over the last years, has highly benefited from the recent developments in word and sentence embeddings. Such embeddings enable the transformation of complex NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Spyros Zoupanos , Stratis Kolovos , Athanasios Kanavos , Orestis Papadimitriou , Manolis Maragoudakis

Retrieval-Augmented Generation systems depend on retrieving semantically relevant document chunks to support accurate, grounded outputs from large language models. In structured and repetitive corpora such as regulatory filings, chunk…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Raquib Bin Yousuf , Shengzhe Xu , Mandar Sharma , Andrew Neeser , Chris Latimer , Naren Ramakrishnan

This paper introduces and analyzes a search and retrieval model for RAG-like systems under {token} erasures. We provide an information-theoretic analysis of remote document retrieval when query representations are only partially preserved.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sara Ghasvarianjahromi , Joshua Barr , Yauhen Yakimenka , Jörg Kliewer

Traditional text embedding benchmarks primarily evaluate embedding models' capabilities to capture semantic similarity. However, more advanced NLP tasks require a deeper understanding of text, such as safety and factuality. These tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Simeng Han , Frank Palma Gomez , Tu Vu , Zefei Li , Daniel Cer , Hansi Zeng , Chris Tar , Arman Cohan , Gustavo Hernandez Abrego

This paper studies the performances of BERT combined with tree structure in short sentence ranking task. In retrieval-based question answering system, we retrieve the most similar question of the query question by ranking all the questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Tong Guo , Huilin Gao

Bug severity prediction is important in software maintenance, because it helps the development teams to prioritize bugs that have a significant impact on the operation, stability and security of the system. In large software projects bug…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Nafisha Tamanna Nice

We propose a new uniform framework for text classification and ranking that can automate the process of identifying check-worthy sentences in political debates and speech transcripts. Our framework combines the semantic analysis of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ting Su , Craig Macdonald , Iadh Ounis

Text embeddings are commonly evaluated on a small set of datasets from a single task not covering their possible applications to other tasks. It is unclear whether state-of-the-art embeddings on semantic textual similarity (STS) can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Niklas Muennighoff , Nouamane Tazi , Loïc Magne , Nils Reimers

Analyzing the pattern of semantic variation in long real-world texts such as books or transcripts is interesting from the stylistic, cognitive, and linguistic perspectives. It is also useful for applications such as text segmentation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Deven M. Mistry , Ali A. Minai

Enlightened by the big success of pre-training in natural language processing, pre-trained models for programming languages have been widely used to promote code intelligence in recent years. In particular, BERT has been used for bug…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Yali Du , Zhongxing Yu

While BERT produces high-quality sentence embeddings, its pre-training computational cost is a significant drawback. In contrast, ELECTRA provides a cost-effective pre-training objective and downstream task performance improvements, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ivan Rep , David Dukić , Jan Šnajder

Text embeddings from large language models (LLMs) have achieved excellent results in tasks such as information retrieval, semantic textual similarity, etc. In this work, we show an interesting finding: when feeding a text into the LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Zhijie Nie , Richong Zhang , Zhanyu Wu

Automated classification of chief complaints from patient-generated text is a critical first step in developing scalable platforms to triage patients without human intervention. In this work, we evaluate several approaches to chief…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Ilya Valmianski , Caleb Goodwin , Ian M. Finn , Naqi Khan , Daniel S. Zisook

Retrieving case law is a time-consuming task predominantly carried out by querying databases. We provide a comparison of two models in three different settings for Czech Constitutional Court decisions: (i) a large general-purpose embedder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Tereza Novotna , Jakub Harasta

Text embeddings are useful features in many applications such as semantic search and computing text similarity. Previous work typically trains models customized for different use cases, varying in dataset choice, training objective and…

While BERT is an effective method for learning monolingual sentence embeddings for semantic similarity and embedding based transfer learning (Reimers and Gurevych, 2019), BERT based cross-lingual sentence embeddings have yet to be explored.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Fangxiaoyu Feng , Yinfei Yang , Daniel Cer , Naveen Arivazhagan , Wei Wang

Recent research has achieved impressive results on understanding and improving source code by building up on machine-learning techniques developed for natural languages. A significant advancement in natural-language understanding has come…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Aditya Kanade , Petros Maniatis , Gogul Balakrishnan , Kensen Shi

A wide range of binary analysis applications, such as bug discovery, malware analysis and code clone detection, require recovery of contextual meanings on a binary code. Recently, binary analysis techniques based on machine learning have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Hyungjoon Koo , Soyeon Park , Daejin Choi , Taesoo Kim

Financial documents are filled with specialized terminology, arcane jargon, and curious acronyms that pose challenges for general-purpose text embeddings. Yet, few text embeddings specialized for finance have been reported in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Peter Anderson , Mano Vikash Janardhanan , Jason He , Wei Cheng , Charlie Flanagan

Semantic textual similarity is one of the open research challenges in the field of Natural Language Processing. Extensive research has been carried out in this field and near-perfect results are achieved by recent transformer-based models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Dhivya Chandrasekaran , Vijay Mago