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The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising variational quantum algorithm for addressing NP hard combinatorial optimization problems. However, a significant limitation lies in optimizing its classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Peter Gleißner , Georg Kruse , Andreas Roßkopf

Solving hard optimization problems is one of the most promising application domains for quantum computers due to the ubiquity of such problems in industry and the availability of broadly applicable quantum speedups. However, the ability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Zichang He , Rudy Raymond , Ruslan Shaydulin , Marco Pistoia

Quantum computing (QC) is expected to solve incredibly difficult problems, including finding optimal solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. However, to date, QC alone is still far to demonstrate this capability except on…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-19 James B. Holliday , Eneko Osaba , Khoa Luu

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a fundamental NP-hard problem in logistics. Augmented Lagrangian Methods (ALM) for solving CVRP performance depends heavily on well-tuned penalty parameters. In this paper, we propose a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-09-22 Monit Sharma , Hoong Chuin Lau

Combinatorial optimization problems have attracted much interest in the quantum computing community in the recent years as a potential testbed to showcase quantum advantage. In this paper, we show how to exploit multilevel carriers of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-03 M. Garcia de Andoin , A. Bottarelli , S. Schmitt , I. Oregi , P. Hauke , M. Sanz

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid variational quantum-classical algorithm that solves combinatorial optimization problems. While there is evidence suggesting that the fixed form of the standard QAOA ansatz is…

This paper addresses the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) by comparing classical and quantum Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches. An Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C) agent is implemented in classical, full quantum, and hybrid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Eva Andrés

Numerous Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) solvers have been proposed to address Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs). However, most of these solvers focus exclusively on single-vehicle VRP variants, overlooking the more realistic min-max…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuan Wu , Di Wang , Chunguo Wu , Kaifang Qi , Chunyan Miao , Yubin Xiao , Jian Zhang , You Zhou

This paper describes an application of the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) to efficiently find approximate solutions for computational problems contained in the polynomially bounded NP optimisation complexity class (NPO…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Samuel Marsh , Jingbo Wang

Hybrid quantum optimization for vehicle routing faces a practical bottleneck: direct QUBO encodings of CVRP quickly exceed near-term qubit and gate budgets, while quantum evaluations are expensive, noise-limited, and sensitive to backend…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Monit Sharma , Hoong Chuin Lau

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational quantum algorithm introduced to tackle classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems. This tutorial offers a comprehensive, first-principles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Alessandro Giovagnoli

Quantum computing is a promising technology to address combinatorial optimization problems, for example via the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Its potential, however, hinges on scaling toy problems to sizes relevant for…

We study the load balanced capacitated vehicle routing problem (LBCVRP): the problem is to design a collection of tours for a fixed fleet of vehicles with capacity Q to distribute a supply from a single depot between a number of predefined…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Haniyeh Fallah , Farzad Didehvar , Farhad Rahmati

We present a novel quantum optimization-based route compression technique that significantly reduces storage requirements compared to conventional methods. Route optimization systems face critical challenges in efficiently storing selected…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-07 Shunsuke Sotobayashi , Yuichiro Minato , Takao Tomono

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithm designed to tackle combinatorial optimization problems. Despite its promise for near-term quantum applications, not much is currently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-26 Leo Zhou , Sheng-Tao Wang , Soonwon Choi , Hannes Pichler , Mikhail D. Lukin

The Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA+) is one of the Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA) specifically developed to tackle combinatorial optimization problems by exploring the feasible space in search of a target solution. For…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-12 Sha-Sha Wang , Hai-Ling Liu , Yong-Mei Li , Fei Gao , Su-Juan Qin , Qiao-Yan Wen

The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) involves distributing (identical) items from a depot to a set of demand locations, using a single capacitated vehicle. We study a generalization of this problem to the setting of multiple…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-12-09 Inge Li Gortz , Marco Molinaro , Viswanath Nagarajan , R. Ravi

Quantum computing is a computational paradigm with the potential to outperform classical methods for a variety of problems. Proposed recently, the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is considered as one of the leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Sami Khairy , Ruslan Shaydulin , Lukasz Cincio , Yuri Alexeev , Prasanna Balaprakash

Combinatorial optimization problems are ubiquitous and computationally hard to solve in general. Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), one of the most representative quantum-classical hybrid algorithms, is designed to solve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-12 Lixue Cheng , Yu-Qin Chen , Shi-Xin Zhang , Shengyu Zhang

Transportation systems such as urban logistics, vehicle routing, and infrastructure planning require solving large-scale combinatorial optimization problems under complex constraints. Problems such as the vehicle routing problem (VRP),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Talha Azfar , Ruimin Ke , Sean He , Cara Wang , José Holguín-Veras