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We constrain the spectrum of two-dimensional unitary, compact conformal field theories with central charge c > 1 using modular bootstrap. Upper bounds on the gap in the dimension of primary operators of any spin, as well as in the dimension…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-08-23 Scott Collier , Ying-Hsuan Lin , Xi Yin

We study the numerical bounds obtained using a conformal-bootstrap method - advocated in ref. [1] but never implemented so far - where different points in the plane of conformal cross ratios $z$ and $\bar z$ are sampled. In contrast to the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-11-04 Alejandro Castedo Echeverri , Benedict von Harling , Marco Serone

We explore constraints on (1+1)$d$ unitary conformal field theory with an internal $\mathbb{Z}_N$ global symmetry, by bounding the lightest symmetry-preserving scalar primary operator using the modular bootstrap. Among the other constraints…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-06-09 Ying-Hsuan Lin , Shu-Heng Shao

We analyze modular invariance drawing inspiration from tauberian theorems. Given a modular invariant partition function with a positive spectral density, we derive lower and upper bounds on the number of operators within a given energy…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-01-08 Baur Mukhametzhanov , Alexander Zhiboedov

A matroid is a notion of independence in combinatorial optimization which is closely related to computational efficiency. In particular, it is well known that the maximum of a constrained modular function can be found greedily if and only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-04-15 Branislav Kveton , Zheng Wen , Azin Ashkan , Hoda Eydgahi , Brian Eriksson

We study two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) with boundaries via the conformal bootstrap. We derive a positive semi-definite program from crossing symmetry of three observables: the annulus partition function, the two-point…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-06-24 Marco Meineri , Bharathkumar Radhakrishnan

Modular invariance imposes rigid constrains on the partition functions of two-dimensional conformal field theories. Many fundamental results follow strictly from modular invariance, giving rise to the numerical modular bootstrap program.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-07-06 Anatoly Dymarsky , Alfred Shapere

We develop new methods for approximating conformal blocks as positive functions times polynomials, with applications to the numerical bootstrap. We argue that to obtain accurate bootstrap bounds, conformal block approximations should…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-27 Cyuan-Han Chang , Vasiliy Dommes , Petr Kravchuk , David Poland , David Simmons-Duffin

To improve the robustness of deep classifiers against adversarial perturbations, many approaches have been proposed, such as designing new architectures with better robustness properties (e.g., Lipschitz-capped networks), or modifying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Mahyar Fazlyab , Taha Entesari , Aniket Roy , Rama Chellappa

Recently established connection between additive codes and Narain CFTs provides a new tool to construct theories with special properties and solve modular bootstrap constraints by reducing them to algebraic identities. We generalize…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-11-30 Nikolaos Angelinos , Debarghya Chakraborty , Anatoly Dymarsky

In this work, we study the problem of monotone non-submodular maximization with partition matroid constraint. Although a generalization of this problem has been studied in literature, our work focuses on leveraging properties of partition…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Lan N. Nguyen , My T. Thai

In this paper, we attempt to explore the landscape of two-dimensional conformal field theories (2d CFTs) by efficiently searching for numerical solutions to the modular bootstrap equation using machine-learning-style optimization. The torus…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Nathan Benjamin , A. Liam Fitzpatrick , Wei Li , Jesse Thaler

We consider previously derived upper and lower bounds on the number of operators in a window of scaling dimensions $[\Delta - \delta,\Delta + \delta]$ at asymptotically large $\Delta$ in 2d unitary modular invariant CFTs. These bounds…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-06-17 Baur Mukhametzhanov , Sridip Pal

We study the constraints of crossing symmetry and unitarity for conformal field theories in the presence of a boundary, with a focus on the Ising model in various dimensions. We show that an analytic approach to the bootstrap is feasible…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-11 Pedro Liendo , Leonardo Rastelli , Balt C. van Rees

We explore the geometry behind the modular bootstrap and its image in the space of Taylor coefficients of the torus partition function. In the first part, we identify the geometry as an intersection of planes with the convex hull of moment…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-01-26 Li-Yuan Chiang , Tzu-Chen Huang , Yu-tin Huang , Wei Li , Laurentiu Rodina , He-Chen Weng

In this paper, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of fractional integral operators on the modulation spaces.

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2007-07-04 Mitsuru Sugimoto , Naohito Tomita

We use modular invariance to derive constraints on the spectrum of warped conformal field theories (WCFTs) --- nonrelativistic quantum field theories described by a chiral Virasoro and $U(1)$ Kac-Moody algebra. We focus on holographic WCFTs…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-07-20 Luis Apolo , Wei Song

We study the bootstrap for the maxima of the sums of independent random variables, a problem of high relevance to many applications in modern statistics. Since the consistency of bootstrap was justified by Gaussian approximation in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-08-03 Hang Deng

Uniform confidence bands for functions are widely used in empirical analysis. A variety of simple implementation methods (most notably multiplier bootstrap) have been proposed and theoretically justified. However, an implementation over a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-23 Shunsuke Imai

We use the numerical conformal bootstrap to study boundary quantum electrodynamics, the theory of a four dimensional photon in a half space coupled to charged conformal matter on the boundary. This system is believed to be a boundary…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-12-14 Samuel Bartlett-Tisdall , Christopher P. Herzog , Vladimir Schaub
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