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Many applications such as recommendation systems or sports tournaments involve pairwise comparisons within a collection of $n$ items, the goal being to aggregate the binary outcomes of the comparisons in order to recover the latent strength…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-07-13 Eglantine Karlé , Hemant Tyagi

This contribution introduces a novel statistical learning methodology based on the Bradley-Terry method for pairwise comparisons, where the novelty arises from the method's capacity to estimate the worth of objects for a primary attribute…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-26 Sjoerd Hermes , Joost van Heerwaarden , Pariya Behrouzi

Evaluation in NLP is usually done by comparing the scores of competing systems independently averaged over a common set of test instances. In this work, we question the use of averages for aggregating evaluation scores into a final number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Maxime Peyrard , Wei Zhao , Steffen Eger , Robert West

We study the ranking of individuals, teams, or objects, based on pairwise comparisons between them, using the Bradley-Terry model. Estimates of rankings within this model are commonly made using a simple iterative algorithm first introduced…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-16 M. E. J. Newman

We propose a general framework for statistical inference on the overall strengths of players in pairwise comparisons, allowing for potential shifts in the covariate distribution. These covariates capture important contextual information…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-10 Xiudi Li , Sijia Li

The standard way to evaluate language models on subjective tasks is through pairwise comparisons: an annotator chooses the "better" of two responses to a prompt. Leaderboards aggregate these comparisons into a single Bradley-Terry (BT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Hadi Khalaf , Serena L. Wang , Daniel Halpern , Itai Shapira , Flavio du Pin Calmon , Ariel D. Procaccia

This paper proposes a Bayesian model to compare multiple algorithms on multiple data sets, on any metric. The model is based on the Bradley-Terry model, that counts the number of times one algorithm performs better than another on different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Jacques Wainer

Paired comparison models, such as the Bradley-Terry (1952) model and its variants, are commonly used to measure competitor strength in games and sports. Extensions have been proposed to account for order effects (e.g., home-field advantage)…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-02 Mark E. Glickman

The Bradley-Terry model is widely used for pairwise comparison data analysis. In this paper, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the maximum likelihood estimator of the Bradley-Terry model in its logistic parameterization, under a general…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-10 Weichen Wu , Brian W. Junker , Nynke M. D. Niezink

This article surveys recent progress in the Bradley-Terry (BT) model and its extensions. We focus on the statistical and computational aspects, with emphasis on the regime in which both the number of objects and the volume of comparisons…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-23 Shuxing Fang , Ruijian Han , Yuanhang Luo , Yiming Xu

Pairwise comparison models have been widely used for utility evaluation and rank aggregation across various fields. The increasing scale of modern problems underscores the need to understand statistical inference in these models when the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Ruijian Han , Wenlu Tang , Yiming Xu

Ranking items based on pairwise comparisons is common, from using match outcomes to rank sports teams to using purchase or survey data to rank consumer products. Statistical inference-based methods such as the Bradley-Terry model, which…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-01-09 Sebastian Morel-Balbi , Alec Kirkley

The Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model is a classic and very popular statistical approach for eliciting a global ranking among a collection of items using pairwise comparison data. In applications in which the comparison outcomes are observed…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-30 Wanshan Li , Daren Wang , Alessandro Rinaldo

A common problem faced in statistical inference is drawing conclusions from paired comparisons, in which two objects compete and one is declared the victor. A probabilistic approach to such a problem is the Bradley-Terry model, first…

Applications · Statistics 2017-12-19 Gabriel C. Phelan , John T. Whelan

Ranking a vector of alternatives on the basis of a series of paired comparisons is a relevant topic in many instances. A popular example is ranking contestants in sport tournaments. To this purpose, paired comparison models such as the…

Applications · Statistics 2013-01-15 Guido Masarotto , Cristiano Varin

There are various parametric models for analyzing pairwise comparison data, including the Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) and Thurstone models, but their reliance on strong parametric assumptions is limiting. In this work, we study a flexible…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-09-29 Nihar B. Shah , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Adityanand Guntuboyina , Martin J. Wainwright

Score matching is an estimation procedure that has been developed for statistical models whose probability density function is known up to proportionality but whose normalizing constant is intractable, so that maximum likelihood is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-23 Jiazhen Xu , Janice L. Scealy , Andrew T. A. Wood , Tao Zou

Data in the form of pairwise comparisons arises in many domains, including preference elicitation, sporting competitions, and peer grading among others. We consider parametric ordinal models for such pairwise comparison data involving a…

Pairwise preference learning is central to machine learning, with recent applications in aligning language models with human preferences. A typical dataset consists of triplets $(x, y^+, y^-)$, where response $y^+$ is preferred over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Rattana Pukdee , Maria-Florina Balcan , Pradeep Ravikumar

This article introduces the bpcs R package (Bayesian Paired Comparison in Stan) and the statistical models implemented in the package. This package aims to facilitate the use of Bayesian models for paired comparison data in behavioral…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-21 David Issa Mattos , Érika Martins Silva Ramos