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The concept of learned index structures relies on the idea that the input-output functionality of a database index can be viewed as a prediction task and, thus, be implemented using a machine learning model instead of traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Evgenios M. Kornaropoulos , Silei Ren , Roberto Tamassia

Many machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples: inputs that are specially crafted to cause a machine learning model to produce an incorrect output. Adversarial examples that affect one model often affect another model,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-05-25 Nicolas Papernot , Patrick McDaniel , Ian Goodfellow

Machine learning is vulnerable to a wide variety of attacks. It is now well understood that by changing the underlying data distribution, an adversary can poison the model trained with it or introduce backdoors. In this paper we present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Ilia Shumailov , Zakhar Shumaylov , Dmitry Kazhdan , Yiren Zhao , Nicolas Papernot , Murat A. Erdogdu , Ross Anderson

Adversaries can embed backdoors in deep learning models by introducing backdoor poison samples into training datasets. In this work, we investigate how to detect such poison samples to mitigate the threat of backdoor attacks. First, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Xiangyu Qi , Tinghao Xie , Jiachen T. Wang , Tong Wu , Saeed Mahloujifar , Prateek Mittal

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting a classifier for the test data when the probability distribution of the test data slightly differs from that of the training data of the model. To the best of our knowledge, most of the existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Sravan Danda , Aditya Challa , Shlok Mehendale , Snehanshu Saha

Test-time adaptation harnesses test inputs to improve the accuracy of a model trained on source data when tested on shifted target data. Existing methods update the source model by (re-)training on each target domain. While effective,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Jin Gao , Jialing Zhang , Xihui Liu , Trevor Darrell , Evan Shelhamer , Dequan Wang

Data augmentation is known to contribute significantly to the robustness of machine learning models. In most instances, data augmentation is utilized during the training phase. Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is a technique that instead…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Masanari Kimura , Howard Bondell

The increased integration of clean yet stochastic energy resources and the growing number of extreme weather events are narrowing the decision-making window of power grid operators. This time constraint is fueling a plethora of research on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Nora Agah , Meiyi Li , Javad Mohammadi

Deep neural networks demonstrate strong performance under aligned training-test distributions. However, real-world test data often exhibit domain shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this challenge by adapting the model to test data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Byung-Joon Lee , Jin-Seop Lee , Jee-Hyong Lee

Tactile-vision-language (TVL) models are increasingly deployed in real-world robotic and multimodal perception tasks, where test-time distribution shifts are unavoidable. Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) methods provide filtering in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Chuyang Ye , Haoxian Jing , Qinting Jiang , Yixi Lin , Qiang Li , Xing Tang , Jingyan Jiang

Visual-language models (VLMs) like CLIP exhibit strong generalization but struggle with distribution shifts at test time. Existing training-free test-time adaptation (TTA) methods operate strictly within CLIP's original feature space,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jizhou Han , Chenhao Ding , SongLin Dong , Yuhang He , Xinyuan Gao , Yihong Gong

Vision-language foundation models (VLMs), such as CLIP, exhibit remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models can be unreliable when significant distribution gaps exist between training and test data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zongbo Han , Jialong Yang , Guangyu Wang , Junfan Li , Qianli Xu , Mike Zheng Shou , Changqing Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized learning paradigm, enabling parties to collaboratively train models while keeping their data confidential. Within autonomous driving, it brings the potential of reducing data storage costs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Sonakshi Garg , Hugo Jönsson , Gustav Kalander , Axel Nilsson , Bhhaanu Pirange , Viktor Valadi , Johan Östman

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) is an emerging and challenging task where a model trained in a source domain must adapt to continuously changing conditions during testing, without access to the original source data. CTTA is prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Ziqi Shi , Fan Lyu , Ye Liu , Fanhua Shang , Fuyuan Hu , Wei Feng , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang

Recently, the newly emerged multimodal models, which leverage both visual and linguistic modalities to train powerful encoders, have gained increasing attention. However, learning from a large-scale unlabeled dataset also exposes the model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Ziqing Yang , Xinlei He , Zheng Li , Michael Backes , Mathias Humbert , Pascal Berrang , Yang Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses the unforeseen distribution shifts occurring during test time. In TTA, performance, memory consumption, and time consumption are crucial considerations. A recent diffusion-based TTA approach for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Yeongtak Oh , Jonghyun Lee , Jooyoung Choi , Dahuin Jung , Uiwon Hwang , Sungroh Yoon

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has shown to be effective at tackling distribution shifts between training and testing data by adapting a given model on test samples. However, the online model updating of TTA may be unstable and this is often a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Shuaicheng Niu , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Zhiquan Wen , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Mingkui Tan

Traditional test-time adaptation (TTA) methods face significant challenges in adapting to dynamic environments characterized by continuously changing long-term target distributions. These challenges primarily stem from two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Fahim Faisal Niloy , Sk Miraj Ahmed , Dripta S. Raychaudhuri , Samet Oymak , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt models to maintain reliable performance on non-stationary test streams without requiring labeled data. Despite its empirical success, the learnability of TTA under non-stationary streams remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhi Zhou , Ming Yang , Shi-Yu Tian , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address distributional shifts between training and testing data using only unlabeled test data streams for continual model adaptation. However, most TTA methods assume benign test streams, while test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Taesik Gong , Yewon Kim , Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Sung-Ju Lee