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Knowledge tracing consists in predicting the performance of some students on new questions given their performance on previous questions, and can be a prior step to optimizing assessment and learning. Deep knowledge tracing (DKT) is a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Jill-Jênn Vie , Hisashi Kashima

Knowledge Tracing (KT) involves monitoring the changes in a student's knowledge over time by analyzing their past responses, with the goal of predicting future performance. However, most existing methods primarily focus on feature…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Richang Hong , Feiping Nie , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu

Knowledge tracing is one of the key research areas for empowering personalized education. It is a task to model students' mastery level of a knowledge component (KC) based on their historical learning trajectories. In recent years, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Chun-Kit Yeung , Dit-Yan Yeung

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to trace students' knowledge states by predicting whether students answer correctly on exercises. Despite the excellent performance of existing Transformer-based KT approaches, they are criticized for the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Shangshang Yang , Xiaoshan Yu , Ye Tian , Xueming Yan , Haiping Ma , Xingyi Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict students' future performances based on their former exercises and additional information in educational settings. KT has received significant attention since it facilitates personalized experiences in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Hao Zhou , Wenge Rong , Jianfei Zhang , Qing Sun , Yuanxin Ouyang , Zhang Xiong

As the core of the Knowledge Tracking (KT) task, assessing students' dynamic mastery of knowledge concepts is crucial for both offline teaching and online educational applications. Since students' mastery of knowledge concepts is often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Moyu Zhang , Xinning Zhu , Chunhong Zhang , Wenchen Qian , Feng Pan , Hui Zhao

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), which aims to model the dynamic knowledge states of students based on their interaction histories. However, existing KT models often rely on a global…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Han Liao , Shuaishuai Zu

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to predict learners' future performance based on historical learning interactions. However, existing KT models predominantly focus on data from a single course, limiting their ability to capture a comprehensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenkang Han , Wang Lin , Liya Hu , Zhenlong Dai , Yiyun Zhou , Mengze Li , Zemin Liu , Chang Yao , Jingyuan Chen

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to predict students' responses to practices based on their historical question-answering behaviors. However, most current KT methods focus on improving overall AUC, leaving ample room for optimization in modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Moyu Zhang , Xinning Zhu , Chunhong Zhang , Feng Pan , Wenchen Qian , Hui Zhao

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict a student's future performance based on their sequence of interactions with learning content. Many KT models rely on knowledge concepts (KCs), which represent the skills required for each item.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is concerned with predicting students' future performance on learning items in intelligent tutoring systems. Learning items are tagged with skill labels called knowledge concepts (KCs). Many KT models expand the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a popular approach for modeling students' learning progress over time, which can enable more personalized and adaptive learning. However, existing KT approaches face two major limitations: (1) they rely heavily on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Yilmazcan Ozyurt , Stefan Feuerriegel , Mrinmaya Sachan

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model a student's learning trajectory and predict performance on the next question. A key challenge is how to better represent the relationships among students, questions, and knowledge concepts (KCs).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Chi Yu , Hongyu Yuan , Zhiyi Duan

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a task of tracing evolving knowledge state of students with respect to one or more concepts as they engage in a sequence of learning activities. One important purpose of KT is to personalize the practice sequence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Jiani Zhang , Xingjian Shi , Irwin King , Dit-Yan Yeung

Knowledge Tracing (KT) serves as a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling these systems to monitor and understand learners' progress by modeling their knowledge state. However, many existing KT models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Jing Xiao , Chang You , Zhiyu Chen

In theoretical cognitive science, there is a tension between highly structured models whose parameters have a direct psychological interpretation and highly complex, general-purpose models whose parameters and representations are difficult…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Mohammad Khajah , Robert V. Lindsey , Michael C. Mozer

Recently, we have seen a rapid rise in usage of online educational platforms. The personalized education became crucially important in future learning environments. Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the detection of students' knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Sein Minn

The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task focuses on predicting a learner's future performance based on the historical interactions. The knowledge state plays a key role in learning process. However, considering that the knowledge state is influenced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Shanshan Wang , Xueying Zhang , Keyang Wang , Xun Yang , Xingyi Zhang

Knowledge tracing (KT) models aim to predict students' future performance based on their historical interactions. Most existing KT models rely exclusively on human-defined knowledge concepts (KCs) associated with exercises. As a result, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach