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Reinforcement learning agents have traditionally been evaluated on small toy problems. With advances in computing power and the advent of the Arcade Learning Environment, it is now possible to evaluate algorithms on diverse and difficult…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-11-03 Aaron Defazio , Thore Graepel

Researchers have demonstrated that neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples and subtle environment changes, both of which one can view as a form of distribution shift. To humans, the resulting errors can look like blunders,…

Reinforcement learning agents have been mostly developed and evaluated under the assumption that they will operate in a fully autonomous manner -- they will take all actions. In this work, our goal is to develop algorithms that, by learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Vahid Balazadeh , Abir De , Adish Singla , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez

This paper examines two different variants of the Ludo game, involving multiple dice and a fixed number of total turns. Within each variant, multiple game lengths (total no. of turns) are considered. To compare the two variants, a set of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Tathagata Banerjee , Diganta Mukherjee

We consider a number of questions related to tradeoffs between reward and regret in repeated gameplay between two agents. To facilitate this, we introduce a notion of $\textit{generalized equilibrium}$ which allows for asymmetric regret…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 William Brown , Jon Schneider , Kiran Vodrahalli

Adversarial training, a special case of multi-objective optimization, is an increasingly prevalent machine learning technique: some of its most notable applications include GAN-based generative modeling and self-play techniques in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-17 Gauthier Gidel , David Balduzzi , Wojciech Marian Czarnecki , Marta Garnelo , Yoram Bachrach

In various real-world scenarios, interactions among agents often resemble the dynamics of general-sum games, where each agent strives to optimize its own utility. Despite the ubiquitous relevance of such settings, decentralized machine…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Milad Aghajohari , Juan Agustin Duque , Tim Cooijmans , Aaron Courville

A key challenge in online learning is that classical algorithms can be slow to adapt to changing environments. Recent studies have proposed "meta" algorithms that convert any online learning algorithm to one that is adaptive to changing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-08 Kwang-Sung Jun , Francesco Orabona , Stephen Wright , Rebecca Willett

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

Motivated by the question of how a principal can maximize its utility in repeated interactions with a learning agent, we study repeated games between an principal and an agent employing a mean-based learning algorithm. Prior work has shown…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Nivasini Ananthakrishnan , Yuval Dagan , Kunhe Yang

In reinforcement learning (RL), different reward functions can define the same optimal policy but result in drastically different learning performance. For some, the agent gets stuck with a suboptimal behavior, and for others, it solves the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Grigorii Veviurko , Wendelin Böhmer , Mathijs de Weerdt

Considering a class of gradient-based multi-agent learning algorithms in non-cooperative settings, we provide local convergence guarantees to a neighborhood of a stable local Nash equilibrium. In particular, we consider continuous games…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-23 Benjamin Chasnov , Lillian J. Ratliff , Eric Mazumdar , Samuel A. Burden

We study analytically and by computer simulations a complex system of adaptive agents with finite memory. Borrowing the framework of the Minority Game and using the replica formalism we show the existence of an equilibrium phase transition…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. Marsili , R. Mulet , F. Ricci-Tersenghi , R. Zecchina

Federated learning is a distributed learning paradigm where multiple agents, each only with access to local data, jointly learn a global model. There has recently been an explosion of research aiming not only to improve the accuracy rates…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Kate Donahue , Jon Kleinberg

We study reinforcement learning (RL) problems in which agents observe the reward or transition realizations at their current state before deciding which action to take. Such observations are available in many applications, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Nadav Merlis

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and game theory, agents repeatedly interact and revise their strategies as new data arrives, producing a sequence of strategy profiles. This paper studies sequences of strategies satisfying a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Bora Yongacoglu , Gürdal Arslan , Lacra Pavel , Serdar Yüksel

We study a version of the minority game in which one agent is allowed to join the game in a random fashion. It is shown that in the crowded regime, i.e., for small values of the memory size $m$ of the agents in the population, the agent…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 K. F. Yip , T. S. Lo , P. M. Hui , N. F. Johnson

Social learning is learning through the observation of or interaction with other individuals; it is critical in the understanding of the collective behaviors of humans in social physics. We study the learning process of agents in a restless…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-12-01 Kazuaki Nakayama , Ryuzo Nakamura , Masato Hisakado , Shintaro Mori

Game playing has long served as a fundamental benchmark for evaluating Artificial General Intelligence. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in general reasoning, their effectiveness in spatial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Yuhao Chen , Shuochen Liu , Yuanjie Lyu , Chao Zhang , Jiayao Shi , Tong Xu

We investigate multi-agent reinforcement learning for stochastic games with complex tasks, where the reward functions are non-Markovian. We utilize reward machines to incorporate high-level knowledge of complex tasks. We develop an…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Jueming Hu , Jean-Raphael Gaglione , Yanze Wang , Zhe Xu , Ufuk Topcu , Yongming Liu