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In this paper we present a new approach to tackle complex routing problems with an improved state representation that utilizes the model complexity better than previous methods. We enable this by training from temporal differences.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Ahmad Bdeir , Simon Boeder , Tim Dernedde , Kirill Tkachuk , Jonas K. Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Combinatorial optimization problems have attracted much interest in the quantum computing community in the recent years as a potential testbed to showcase quantum advantage. In this paper, we show how to exploit multilevel carriers of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-03 M. Garcia de Andoin , A. Bottarelli , S. Schmitt , I. Oregi , P. Hauke , M. Sanz

Quantum annealing technologies aim to solve computational optimization and sampling problems. QPU (Quantum Processing Unit) machines such as the D-Wave system use the QUBO (Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization) formula to define…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-28 Toufan D. Tambunan , Andriyan B. Suksmono , Ian J. M. Edward , Rahmat Mulyawan

The vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) is a common optimization problem faced within the logistics industry. In this work, we explore the use of a previously-introduced qubit encoding scheme to reduce the number of binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Ioannis D. Leonidas , Alexander Dukakis , Benjamin Tan , Dimitris G. Angelakis

This study proposes a hybrid quantum-classical approach to solving the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) by integrating the Column Generation (CG) method with the Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOAnsatz). The CG method…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-24 Wei-hao Huang , Hiromichi Matsuyama , Yu Yamashiro

We formulate a global-position colored-permutation encoding for the capacitated vehicle routing problem. Each of the $K$ vehicles selects a disjoint partial permutation, and the sum of these $K$ color layers forms a full $n\times n$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

We propose a brand-new formulation of capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO). The formulated CVRP is equipped with time-table which describes time-evolution of each vehicle.…

We propose a hierarchical quantum approximate optimization framework for solving large-scale Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) using Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). The method decomposes a VRP instance into balanced clusters…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Shreetam Dash , Shreya Banerjee , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a complex optimization problem with numerous real-world applications, mostly solved using metaheuristic algorithms due to its $\mathcal{NP}$-Hard nature. Traditionally, these metaheuristics rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Bachtiar Herdianto , Romain Billot , Flavien Lucas , Marc Sevaux

This paper deals with generating of an optimized route for multiple Vehicle routing Problems (mVRP). We used a methodology of clustering the given cities depending upon the number of vehicles and each cluster is allotted to a vehicle. k-…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2010-01-26 R. Nallusamy , K. Duraiswamy , R. Dhanalaksmi , P. Parthiban

Routing problems are often faced by companies who serve costumers through vehicles. Such problems have a challenging structure to optimize, despite the recent advances in combinatorial optimization. The goal of this project is to study and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Felipe F. Müller , Luis A. A. Meira

Despite the extensive research efforts and the remarkable results obtained on Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) by using algorithms proposed by the Machine Learning community that are partially or entirely based on data-driven analysis, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Luca Accorsi , Andrea Lodi , Daniele Vigo

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is the combinatorial optimization problem of designing routes for vehicles to visit customers in such a fashion that a cost function, typically the number of vehicles, or the total travelled distance is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Martin Fabian , Knut Åkesson

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a fundamental NP-hard task in intelligent transportation systems with broad applications in logistics and distribution. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Le Tung Giang , Vu Hoang Viet , Nguyen Xuan Tung , Trinh Van Chien , Won-Joo Hwang

Complex real-life routing challenges can be modeled as variations of well-known combinatorial optimization problems. These routing problems have long been studied and are difficult to solve at scale. The particular setting may also make…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Marijn van Knippenberg , Mike Holenderski , Vlado Menkovski

In this paper, we evaluate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to solve a classic combinatorial optimization problem: the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). We formalize this problem in the RL framework and compare two of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Leo Ardon

We explore the near-term intersection of quantum computing with the transport sector. To support near-term integration, we introduce a framework for assessing the suitability of transport optimization problems for obtaining potential…

Finding a feasible and prompt solution to the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a prerequisite for efficient freight transportation, seamless logistics, and sustainable mobility. Traditional optimization methods reach their limits when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Elija Deineko , Carina Kehrt

In the last decades, the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), i.e., assigning a set of orders to vehicles and planning their routes has been intensively researched. As only the assignment of order to vehicles and their routes is already…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Veronika Lesch , Maximilian König , Samuel Kounev , Anthony Stein , Christian Krupitzer

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a core NP-hard problem in the field of combinatorial optimization. It aims to plan optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles with uniform capacity, serving a set of customers with specific…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yongyu Chen