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We consider the issue of multiple agents learning to communicate through reinforcement learning within partially observable environments, with a focus on information asymmetry in the second part of our work. We provide a review of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Mohamed Salah Zaïem , Etienne Bennequin

Deep reinforcement learning has been applied successfully to solve various real-world problems and the number of its applications in the multi-agent settings has been increasing. Multi-agent learning distinctly poses significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Thanh Thi Nguyen , Doug Creighton , Saeid Nahavandi

Consider a collaborative task carried out by two autonomous agents that are able to communicate over a noisy channel. Each agent is only aware of its own state, while the accomplishment of the task depends on the value of the joint state of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Arsham Mostaani , Osvaldo Simeone , Symeon Chatzinotas , Bjorn Ottersten

Applying multi-agent reinforcement learning methods to realistic settings is challenging as it may require the agents to quickly adapt to unexpected situations that are rarely or never encountered in training. Recent methods for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Min Whoo Lee , Kibeom Kim , Soo Wung Shin , Minsu Lee , Byoung-Tak Zhang

Nowadays, cooperative multi-agent systems are used to learn how to achieve goals in large-scale dynamic environments. However, learning in these environments is challenging: from the effect of search space size on learning time to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Mahnoosh Mahdavimoghaddam , Amin Nikanjam , Monireh Abdoos

Collaborative decision making in multi-agent systems typically requires a predefined communication protocol among agents. Usually, agent-level observations are locally processed and information is exchanged using the predefined protocol,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Homagni Saha , Vijay Venkataraman , Alberto Speranzon , Soumik Sarkar

Communication is a important factor that enables agents work cooperatively in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Most previous work uses continuous message communication whose high representational capacity comes at the expense of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Sheng Li , Yutai Zhou , Ross Allen , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), well-designed communication protocols can effectively facilitate consensus among agents, thereby enhancing task performance. Moreover, in large-scale multi-agent systems commonly…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Xinran Li , Xiaolu Wang , Chenjia Bai , Jun Zhang

Allowing agents to share information through communication is crucial for solving complex tasks in multi-agent reinforcement learning. In this work, we consider the question of whether a given communication protocol can express an arbitrary…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Matthew Morris , Thomas D. Barrett , Arnu Pretorius

In multi-agent planning, agents jointly compute a plan that achieves mutual goals, keeping certain information private to the individual agents. Agents' coordination is achieved through the transmission of messages. These messages can be a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Alfonso E. Gerevini , Nir Lipovetzky , Nico Peli , Francesco Percassi , Alessandro Saetti , Ivan Serina

Multi-agent reinforcement learning has been used as an effective means to study emergent communication between agents, yet little focus has been given to continuous acoustic communication. This would be more akin to human language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Kevin Eloff , Okko Räsänen , Herman A. Engelbrecht , Arnu Pretorius , Herman Kamper

We consider the problem of the limited-bandwidth communication for multi-agent reinforcement learning, where agents cooperate with the assistance of a communication protocol and a scheduler. The protocol and scheduler jointly determine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Rundong Wang , Xu He , Runsheng Yu , Wei Qiu , Bo An , Zinovi Rabinovich

Robust coordination is critical for effective decision-making in multi-agent systems, especially under partial observability. A central question in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is whether to engineer communication protocols or…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Brennen A. Hill , Mant Koh En Wei , Thangavel Jishnuanandh

To develop computational agents that better communicate using their own emergent language, we endow the agents with an ability to focus their attention on particular concepts in the environment. Humans often understand an object or scene as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ryokan Ri , Ryo Ueda , Jason Naradowsky

Emergent communication has made strides towards learning communication from scratch, but has focused primarily on protocols that resemble human language. In nature, multi-agent cooperation gives rise to a wide range of communication that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Niko A. Grupen , Daniel D. Lee , Bart Selman

Multi-agent systems built on large language models have shown strong performance on complex reasoning tasks, yet most work focuses on agent roles and orchestration while treating inter-agent communication as a fixed interface. Latent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Ye Yu , Heming Liu , Haibo Jin , Xiaopeng Yuan , Peng Kuang , Haohan Wang

Learning to communicate through interaction, rather than relying on explicit supervision, is often considered a prerequisite for developing a general AI. We study a setting where two agents engage in playing a referential game and, from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Serhii Havrylov , Ivan Titov

We consider the problem of multiple agents sensing and acting in environments with the goal of maximising their shared utility. In these environments, agents must learn communication protocols in order to share information that is needed to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-25 Jakob N. Foerster , Yannis M. Assael , Nando de Freitas , Shimon Whiteson

In most multiagent applications, communication is essential among agents to coordinate their actions, and thus achieve their goal. However, communication often has a related cost that affects overall system performance. In this paper, we…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Abeer Alshehri , Tim Miller , Liz Sonenberg

Efficient communication can enhance the overall performance of collaborative multi-agent reinforcement learning. A common approach is to share observations through full communication, leading to significant communication overhead. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Dongkun Huo , Huateng Zhang , Yixue Hao , Yuanlin Ye , Long Hu , Rui Wang , Min Chen