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Semantic textual similarity (STS) systems are designed to encode and evaluate the semantic similarity between words, phrases, sentences, and documents. One method for assessing the quality or authenticity of semantic information encoded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-04 Kimberly Glasgow , Matthew Roos , Amy Haufler , Mark Chevillet , Michael Wolmetz

Sentence embeddings can be decoded to give approximations of the original texts used to create them. We explore this effect in the context of text simplification, demonstrating that reconstructed text embeddings preserve complexity levels.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Matthew Shardlow

Distributed representations of words and paragraphs as semantic embeddings in high dimensional data are used across a number of Natural Language Understanding tasks such as retrieval, translation, and classification. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-04 Devendra Singh Sachan , Shailesh Kumar

Transformer models learn to encode and decode an input text, and produce contextual token embeddings as a side-effect. The mapping from language into the embedding space maps words expressing similar concepts onto points that are close in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Vivi Nastase , Paola Merlo

Semantic embeddings play a crucial role in natural language-based information retrieval. Embedding models represent words and contexts as vectors whose spatial configuration is derived from the distribution of words in large text corpora.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Silvan David Peter , Shreyan Chowdhury , Carlos Eduardo Cancino-Chacón , Gerhard Widmer

We present a qualitative analysis of the (potentially erroneous) outputs of contextualized embedding-based methods for detecting diachronic semantic change. First, we introduce an ensemble method outperforming previously described…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Andrey Kutuzov , Erik Velldal , Lilja Øvrelid

Semantic vector embedding techniques have proven useful in learning semantic representations of data across multiple domains. A key application enabled by such techniques is the ability to measure semantic similarity between given data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Shalisha Witherspoon , Dean Steuer , Graham Bent , Nirmit Desai

Linking facts across documents is a challenging task, as the language used to express the same information in a sentence can vary significantly, which complicates the task of multi-document summarization. Consequently, existing approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Diego Antognini , Boi Faltings

Word embeddings are a powerful approach for capturing semantic similarity among terms in a vocabulary. In this paper, we develop exponential family embeddings, a class of methods that extends the idea of word embeddings to other types of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-22 Maja R. Rudolph , Francisco J. R. Ruiz , Stephan Mandt , David M. Blei

Word embeddings typically represent different meanings of a word in a single conflated vector. Empirical analysis of embeddings of ambiguous words is currently limited by the small size of manually annotated resources and by the fact that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Katharina Kann , Timothy J. Hazen , Eneko Agirre , Hinrich Schütze

Word embeddings and language models have transformed natural language processing (NLP) by facilitating the representation of linguistic elements in continuous vector spaces. This review visits foundational concepts such as the…

Semantic Similarity between two sentences can be defined as a way to determine how related or unrelated two sentences are. The task of Semantic Similarity in terms of distributed representations can be thought to be generating sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-24 Richa Sharma , Muktabh Mayank Srivastava

Existing methods to measure sentence similarity are faced with two challenges: (1) labeled datasets are usually limited in size, making them insufficient to train supervised neural models; (2) there is a training-test gap for unsupervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Xiaofei Sun , Yuxian Meng , Xiang Ao , Fei Wu , Tianwei Zhang , Jiwei Li , Chun Fan

Word embeddings have been found to capture a surprisingly rich amount of syntactic and semantic knowledge. However, it is not yet sufficiently well-understood how the relational knowledge that is implicitly encoded in word embeddings can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Zied Bouraoui , Shoaib Jameel , Steven Schockaert

Text embeddings are a fundamental component in many NLP tasks, including classification, regression, clustering, and semantic search. However, despite their ubiquitous application, challenges persist in interpreting embeddings and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juri Opitz , Lucas Möller , Andrianos Michail , Sebastian Padó , Simon Clematide

This work presents a novel methodology for calculating the phonetic similarity between words taking motivation from the human perception of sounds. This metric is employed to learn a continuous vector embedding space that groups similar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Rahul Sharma , Kunal Dhawan , Balakrishna Pailla

Multi-modal word semantics aims to enhance embeddings with perceptual input, assuming that human meaning representation is grounded in sensory experience. Most research focuses on evaluation involving direct visual input, however, visual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Anita L. Verő , Ann Copestake

In this paper, we introduce personalized word embeddings, and examine their value for language modeling. We compare the performance of our proposed prediction model when using personalized versus generic word representations, and study how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Charles Welch , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Verónica Pérez-Rosas , Rada Mihalcea

Vector representations of sentences, trained on massive text corpora, are widely used as generic sentence embeddings across a variety of NLP problems. The learned representations are generally assumed to be continuous and real-valued,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-21 Dinghan Shen , Pengyu Cheng , Dhanasekar Sundararaman , Xinyuan Zhang , Qian Yang , Meng Tang , Asli Celikyilmaz , Lawrence Carin

Following the recent success of word embeddings, it has been argued that there is no such thing as an ideal representation for words, as different models tend to capture divergent and often mutually incompatible aspects like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Mikel Artetxe , Gorka Labaka , Iñigo Lopez-Gazpio , Eneko Agirre