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With the rapid development of data-driven machine learning (ML) models in meteorology, typhoon track forecasts have become increasingly accurate. However, current ML models still face challenges, such as underestimating typhoon intensity…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-08-26 Zeyi Niu , Wei Huang , Lei Zhang , Lin Deng , Haibo Wang , Yuhua Yang , Dongliang Wang , Hong Li

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence Weather Prediction (AIWP) models have achieved performance comparable to, or even surpassing, traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models by leveraging reanalysis data. However, a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Pengcheng Zhao , Jiang Bian , Zekun Ni , Weixin Jin , Jonathan Weyn , Zuliang Fang , Siqi Xiang , Haiyu Dong , Bin Zhang , Hongyu Sun , Kit Thambiratnam , Qi Zhang

Aspects of operational modeling for climate, weather, and space weather forecasts are contrasted, with a particular focus on the somewhat conflicting demands of 'operational stability' versus 'dynamic development' of the involved models.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-01 Doris Folini

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) and machine learning (ML) methods are popular for solar forecasting. However, NWP models have multiple possible physical parameterizations, which requires site-specific NWP optimization. This is further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Nigel Yuan Yun Ng , Harish Gopalan , Venugopalan S. G. Raghavan , Chin Chun Ooi

We present an operations-ready multi-model ensemble weather forecasting system which uses hybrid data-driven weather prediction models coupled with the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ocean model to predict global…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-03-26 Jonathan A. Weyn , Divya Kumar , Jeremy Berman , Najeeb Kazmi , Sylwester Klocek , Pete Luferenko , Kit Thambiratnam

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models struggle to skillfully predict tropical precipitation occurrence and amount, calling for alternative approaches. For instance, it has been shown that fairly simple, purely data-driven logistic…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-01-09 Eva-Maria Walz , Peter Knippertz , Andreas H. Fink , Gregor Köhler , Tilmann Gneiting

Weather forecasting plays a crucial role in supporting strategic decisions across various sectors, including agriculture, renewable energy production, and disaster management. However, the inherently dynamic and chaotic behavior of the…

Crowdsourced vehicle-based observations have the potential to improve forecast skill in convection-permitting numerical weather prediction (NWP). The aim of this paper is to explore the characteristics of vehicle-based observations of air…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-05-27 Zackary Bell , Sarah L Dance , Joanne A Waller

Weather forecasting traditionally relies on numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems that integrates global observational systems, data assimilation (DA), and forecasting models. Despite steady improvements in forecast accuracy over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xiuyu Sun , Xiaohui Zhong , Xiaoze Xu , Yuanqing Huang , Hao Li , J. David Neelin , Deliang Chen , Jie Feng , Wei Han , Libo Wu , Yuan Qi

Data driven weather models now approach traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) skill at short to medium lead times, but their dynamical consistency during autoregressive rollout remains uncertain.

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Akshay Sunil , B. Deepthi , Muhammed Rashid

Operational ocean forecasting systems conventionally employ dynamical ocean models driven by atmospheric forcing derived from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Xiaobing Zhou , Frank Colberg , Debra Hudson , Yonghong Yin , Griffith Young , Christopher Bladwell , Catherine Deburgh-Day

Global deep-learning weather prediction models have recently been shown to produce forecasts that rival those from physics-based models run at operational centers. It is unclear whether these models have encoded atmospheric dynamics, or…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-09-21 Gregory J. Hakim , Sanjit Masanam

Correctly forecasting the timing and location of changes in winter precipitation type could help decision makers mitigate the worst impacts of winter storms. Multiple precipitation type algorithms have been developed from both physical and…

Complex numerical weather prediction models incorporate a variety of physical processes, each described by multiple alternative physical schemes with specific parameters. The selection of the physical schemes and the choice of the…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2018-02-23 Azam Moosavi , Vishwas Rao , Adrian Sandu

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) has proven to be computationally challenging due to its inherent multiscale nature. Currently, the highest resolution NWP models use a horizontal resolution of about 10km. In order to increase the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Andreas Müller , Michal A. Kopera , Simone Marras , Lucas C. Wilcox , Tobin Isaac , Francis X. Giraldo

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models often underperform compared to simpler climatology-based precipitation forecasts in northern tropical Africa, even after statistical postprocessing. AI-based forecasting models show promise but have…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-08-30 Athul Rasheeda Satheesh , Peter Knippertz , Andreas H. Fink

Accurate marine wind forecasts are essential for safe navigation, ship routing, and energy operations, yet they remain challenging because observations over the ocean are sparse, heterogeneous, and temporally variable. We reformulate wind…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Matteo Peduto , Qidong Yang , Jonathan Giezendanner , Devis Tuia , Sherrie Wang

Combining forecasts from multiple numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have shown substantial benefit over the use of individual forecast products. Although combination, in a broad sense, is widely used in meteorological forecasting,…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-26 Céline Cunen , Thea Roksvåg , Claudio Heinrich-Mertsching , Alex Lenkoski

Accurate weather forecasts are essential for supporting a wide range of activities and decision-making processes, as well as mitigating the impacts of adverse weather events. While traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) remains the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Daniele Zambon , Michele Cattaneo , Ivan Marisca , Jonas Bhend , Daniele Nerini , Cesare Alippi

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather models are now reaching operational-grade performance for some variables, but like traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, they exhibit systematic biases and reliability issues. We test…