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It remains difficult to evaluate machine learning classifiers in the absence of a large, labeled dataset. While labeled data can be prohibitively expensive or impossible to obtain, unlabeled data is plentiful. Here, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Divya Shanmugam , Shuvom Sadhuka , Manish Raghavan , John Guttag , Bonnie Berger , Emma Pierson

Text generation is an important Natural Language Processing task with various applications. Although several metrics have already been introduced to evaluate the text generation methods, each of them has its own shortcomings. The most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Ehsan Montahaei , Danial Alihosseini , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have yielded impressive performance on various tasks, yet they often depend on high-quality feedback that can be costly. Self-refinement methods attempt to leverage LLMs' internal evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Hikaru Asano , Tadashi Kozuno , Yukino Baba

Large language models (LLMs) are systematically overconfident: they routinely express high certainty on questions they often answer incorrectly. Existing calibration methods either require labeled validation data, degrade under distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohamed Rissal Hedna , Jan Strich , Martin Semmann , Chris Biemann

Can large language models improve without external data -- by generating their own questions and answers? We hypothesize that a pre-trained language model can improve its reasoning skills given only a single prompt specifying the topic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Lili Chen , Mihir Prabhudesai , Katerina Fragkiadaki , Hao Liu , Deepak Pathak

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code understanding and generation. However, their effectiveness on non-code Software Engineering (SE) tasks remains underexplored. We present 'Software Engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fabian C. Peña , Steffen Herbold

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has gained traction for its ability to learn rich representations with low labeling costs, applicable across diverse downstream tasks. However, assessing the downstream-task performance remains challenging due…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Maekaku , Keita Goto , Jinchuan Tian , Yusuke Shinohara , Shinji Watanabe

Despite recent advances, standard sequence labeling systems often fail when processing noisy user-generated text or consuming the output of an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) process. In this paper, we improve the noise-aware training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Marcin Namysl , Sven Behnke , Joachim Köhler

Large language model (LLM) self-correction -- the ability to detect and fix errors in generated outputs -- remains largely ad hoc, relying on generic prompts such as "please reconsider your answer" without systematic error analysis or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuning Wu , Yingmin Liu , Yang Shu

This paper proposes a novel approach to evaluate Counter Narrative (CN) generation using a Large Language Model (LLM) as an evaluator. We show that traditional automatic metrics correlate poorly with human judgements and fail to capture the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Irune Zubiaga , Aitor Soroa , Rodrigo Agerri

Developing questions that are pedagogically sound, relevant, and promote learning is a challenging and time-consuming task for educators. Modern-day large language models (LLMs) generate high-quality content across multiple domains,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Nicy Scaria , Suma Dharani Chenna , Deepak Subramani

The quality of texts generated by natural language generation (NLG) systems is hard to measure automatically. Conventional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, have been shown to have relatively low correlation with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Yang Liu , Dan Iter , Yichong Xu , Shuohang Wang , Ruochen Xu , Chenguang Zhu

This study delves into the application potential of the large language models (LLMs) ChatGLM in the automatic generation of structured questions for National Teacher Certification Exams (NTCE). Through meticulously designed prompt…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Ling He , Yanxin Chen , Xiaoqiang Hu

Multi-label classification is an important yet challenging task in natural language processing. It is more complex than single-label classification in that the labels tend to be correlated. Existing methods tend to ignore the correlations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-18 Pengcheng Yang , Xu Sun , Wei Li , Shuming Ma , Wei Wu , Houfeng Wang

We study the problem of generating keyphrases that summarize the key points for a given document. While sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models have achieved remarkable performance on this task (Meng et al., 2017), model training often relies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Hai Ye , Lu Wang

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has dramatically advanced the state-of-the-art in numerous natural language generation tasks. For LLMs to be applied reliably, it is essential to have an accurate measure of their confidence.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Zhen Lin , Shubhendu Trivedi , Jimeng Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation. While an interactive feedback loop can improve performance, writing effective tests is a non-trivial task. Early multi-agent frameworks, such as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Kaushitha Silva , Srinath Perera

Time-series generated by end-users, edge devices, and different wearables are mostly unlabelled. We propose a method to auto-generate labels of un-labelled time-series, exploiting very few representative labelled time-series. Our method is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Soma Bandyopadhyay , Anish Datta , Arpan Pal

With the proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in the medical domain, there is increasing demand for improved evaluation techniques to assess their capabilities. However, traditional metrics like F1 and ROUGE, which rely on token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xiechi Zhang , Zetian Ouyang , Linlin Wang , Gerard de Melo , Zhu Cao , Xiaoling Wang , Ya Zhang , Yanfeng Wang , Liang He

Language models (LMs) have shown superior performances in various speech generation tasks recently, demonstrating their powerful ability for semantic context modeling. Given the intrinsic similarity between speech generation and speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-09 Ziqian Wang , Xinfa Zhu , Zihan Zhang , YuanJun Lv , Ning Jiang , Guoqing Zhao , Lei Xie