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We investigate the approximation capabilities of dense neural networks. While universal approximation theorems establish that sufficiently large architectures can approximate arbitrary continuous functions if there are no restrictions on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Levi Rauchwerger , Stefanie Jegelka , Ron Levie

The standard Universal Approximation Theorem for operator neural networks (NNs) holds for arbitrary width and bounded depth. Here, we prove that operator NNs of bounded width and arbitrary depth are universal approximators for continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Annan Yu , Chloé Becquey , Diana Halikias , Matthew Esmaili Mallory , Alex Townsend

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is one of the most prominent neural network architectures in deep learning. Despite its widespread adoption, our understanding of its universal approximation properties has been limited due to its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Geonho Hwang , Myungjoo Kang

We prove the converse of the universal approximation theorem, i.e. a neural network (NN) encoding theorem which shows that for every stably converged NN of continuous activation functions, its weight matrix actually encodes a continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Ng Shyh-Chang , A-Li Luo , Bo Qiu

Many practical problems need the output of a machine learning model to satisfy a set of constraints, $K$. Nevertheless, there is no known guarantee that classical neural network architectures can exactly encode constraints while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Anastasis Kratsios , Behnoosh Zamanlooy , Tianlin Liu , Ivan Dokmanić

The universal approximation property of various machine learning models is currently only understood on a case-by-case basis, limiting the rapid development of new theoretically justified neural network architectures and blurring our…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-01 Anastasis Kratsios

Recently, versions of neural networks with infinite-dimensional affine operators inside the computational units (``neural operator'' networks) have been applied to learn solutions to differential equations. To enable practical computations,…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Vinícius Luz Oliveira , Vladimir G. Pestov

In this paper, we prove that in the overparametrized regime, deep neural network provide universal approximations and can interpolate any data set, as long as the activation function is locally in $L^1(\RR)$ and not an affine function.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Vlad-Raul Constantinescu , Ionel Popescu

Models of computation operating over the real numbers and computing a larger class of functions compared to the class of general recursive functions invariably introduce a non-finite element of infinite information encoded in an arbitrary…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-12-20 Hector Zenil

We propose a testable universality hypothesis, asserting that seemingly disparate neural network solutions observed in the simple task of modular addition are unified under a common abstract algorithm. While prior work interpreted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Gavin McCracken , Gabriela Moisescu-Pareja , Vincent Letourneau , Doina Precup , Jonathan Love

We give a geometric construction of neural networks that separate disjoint compact subsets of $\Bbb R^n$, and use it to obtain a constructive universal approximation theorem. Specifically, we show that networks with two hidden layers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Chanyoung Sung

Neural networks are one of the most popularly used methods in machine learning and artificial intelligence nowadays. Due to the universal approximation theorem (Hornik et al. (1989)), a neural network with one hidden layer can approximate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-18 Xiaoxi Shen , Chang Jiang , Lyudmila Sakhanenko , Qing Lu

In this paper we study shallow neural network functions which are linear combinations of compositions of activation and quadratic functions, replacing standard affine linear functions, often called neurons. We show the universality of this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-12 Leon Frischauf , Otmar Scherzer , Cong Shi

One of the reasons why many neural networks are capable of replicating complicated tasks or functions is their universal property. Though the past few decades have seen tremendous advances in theories of neural networks, a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Tan Bui-Thanh

The universality of a quantum neural network refers to its ability to approximate arbitrary functions and is a theoretical guarantee for its effectiveness. A non-universal neural network could fail in completing the machine learning task.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Xiaokai Hou , Guanyu Zhou , Qingyu Li , Shan Jin , Xiaoting Wang

Universality of neural networks describes the ability to approximate arbitrary function, and is a key ingredient to keep the method effective. The established models for universal quantum neural networks(QNN), however, require the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-22 Xiaokai Hou , Guanyu Zhou , Qingyu Li , Shan Jin , Xiaoting Wang

Neural network width and depth are fundamental aspects of network topology. Universal approximation theorems provide that with increasing width or depth, there exists a neural network that approximates a function arbitrarily well. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Ibrohim Nosirov , Jeffrey M. Hokanson

Invertible neural networks (INNs) are neural network architectures with invertibility by design. Thanks to their invertibility and the tractability of Jacobian, INNs have various machine learning applications such as probabilistic modeling,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Isao Ishikawa , Takeshi Teshima , Koichi Tojo , Kenta Oono , Masahiro Ikeda , Masashi Sugiyama

One of the most influential results in neural network theory is the universal approximation theorem [1, 2, 3] which states that continuous functions can be approximated to within arbitrary accuracy by single-hidden-layer feedforward neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Clemens Hutter , Recep Gül , Helmut Bölcskei

We introduce so-called functional input neural networks defined on a possibly infinite dimensional weighted space with values also in a possibly infinite dimensional output space. To this end, we use an additive family to map the input…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-03 Christa Cuchiero , Philipp Schmocker , Josef Teichmann