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In this work, we introduce new direct search schemes for the solution of bilevel optimization (BO) problems. Our methods rely on a fixed accuracy black box oracle for the lower-level problem, and deal both with smooth and potentially…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-14 Youssef Diouane , Vyacheslav Kungurtsev , Francesco Rinaldi , Damiano Zeffiro

Learning to Optimize (L2O) is a subfield of machine learning (ML) in which ML models are trained to solve parametric optimization problems. The general goal is to learn a fast approximator of solutions to constrained optimization problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-04 James Kotary , Himanshu Sharma , Ethan King , Draguna Vrabie , Ferdinando Fioretto , Jan Drgona

This paper considers a bi-level discrete-time control framework with real-time constraints, consisting of several local controllers and a central controller. The objective is to bridge the gap between the online convex optimization and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-21 Andrey Bernstein

We study bilevel optimization problems where the lower-level problems are strongly convex and have coupled linear constraints. To overcome the potential non-smoothness of the hyper-objective and the computational challenges associated with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Wei Shen , Jiawei Zhang , Minhui Huang , Cong Shen

To address the uncertainty in function types, recent progress in online convex optimization (OCO) has spurred the development of universal algorithms that simultaneously attain minimax rates for multiple types of convex functions. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Wenhao Yang , Yibo Wang , Peng Zhao , Lijun Zhang

Bilevel optimization enjoys a wide range of applications in emerging machine learning and signal processing problems such as hyper-parameter optimization, image reconstruction, meta-learning, adversarial training, and reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Han Shen , Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

In this paper, we consider bilevel optimization problem where the lower-level has coupled constraints, i.e. the constraints depend both on the upper- and lower-level variables. In particular, we consider two settings for the lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Xiaotian Jiang , Jiaxiang Li , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

This paper considers the problem of online optimization where the objective function is time-varying. In particular, we extend coordinate descent type algorithms to the online case, where the objective function varies after a finite number…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-26 Yankai Lin , Iman Shames , Dragan Nešić

Optimal control of obstacle problems arises in a wide range of applications and is computationally challenging due to its nonsmoothness, nonlinearity, and bilevel structure. Classical numerical approaches rely on mesh-based discretization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-08 Yongcun Song , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang , Lvgang Zhang

This paper addresses an online convex optimization problem where the cost function at each step depends on a history of past decisions (i.e., memory), and the decision maker has access to limited predictions of future cost values within a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-29 Zhengmiao Wang , Zhi-Wei Liu , Ming Chi , Xiaoling Wang , Housheng Su , Lintao Ye

Existing methods for nonconvex bilevel optimization (NBO) require prior knowledge of first- and second-order problem-specific parameters (e.g., Lipschitz constants and the Polyak-{\L}ojasiewicz (P{\L}) parameters) to set step sizes, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-01 Xu Shi , Yinglin Du , Rufeng Xiao , Rujun Jiang

In this paper, we propose the Bi-Sub-Gradient (Bi-SG) method, which is a generalization of the classical sub-gradient method to the setting of convex bi-level optimization problems. This is a first-order method that is very easy to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Roey Merchav , Shoham Sabach

An online non-convex optimization problem is considered where the goal is to minimize the flow time (total delay) of a set of jobs by modulating the number of active servers, but with a switching cost associated with changing the number of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Rahul Vaze , Jayakrishnan Nair

Non-stationary online learning has drawn much attention in recent years. In particular, dynamic regret and adaptive regret are proposed as two principled performance measures for online convex optimization in non-stationary environments. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Peng Zhao , Yan-Feng Xie , Lijun Zhang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Although online convex optimization (OCO) under arbitrary delays has received increasing attention recently, previous studies focus on stationary environments with the goal of minimizing static regret. In this paper, we investigate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yuanyu Wan , Chang Yao , Yitao Ma , Mingli Song , Lijun Zhang

Bilevel optimization has found successful applications in various machine learning problems, including hyper-parameter optimization, data cleaning, and meta-learning. However, its huge computational cost presents a significant challenge for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiaoyu Wang , Rui Pan , Renjie Pi , Jipeng Zhang

Inverse optimal control (IOC) allows the retrieval of optimal cost function weights, or behavioral parameters, from human motion. The literature on IOC uses methods that are either based on a slow bilevel process or a fast but…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Filip Bečanović , Kosta Jovanović , Vincent Bonnet

Bilevel optimization has recently attracted considerable attention due to its abundant applications in machine learning problems. However, existing methods rely on prior knowledge of problem parameters to determine stepsizes, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yifan Yang , Hao Ban , Minhui Huang , Shiqian Ma , Kaiyi Ji

In Online Convex Optimization (OCO), when the stochastic gradient has a finite variance, many algorithms provably work and guarantee a sublinear regret. However, limited results are known if the gradient estimate has a heavy tail, i.e., the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zijian Liu

Decentralized stochastic bilevel optimization (DSBO) is a powerful tool for various machine learning tasks, including decentralized meta-learning and hyperparameter tuning. Existing DSBO methods primarily address problems with strongly…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Yaoshuai Ma , Xiao Wang , Wei Yao , Jin Zhang