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Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises information-theoretic security based on quantum mechanics and idealized device models. Practical implementations, however, deviate from these models due to unavoidable device imperfections, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Álvaro Navarrete , Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers unconditional security based on the laws of physics. However, as demonstrated in recent quantum hacking theory and experimental papers, detection efficiency loophole can be fatal to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-06 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Xiongfeng Ma

The fabrication of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems typically involves several parties, thus providing Eve with multiple opportunities to meddle with the devices. As a consequence, conventional hardware and/or software hacking attacks…

A quantum key distribution network enables pairs of users to generate independent secret keys by leveraging the principles of quantum physics. For end-to-end secure communication, a user pair's secret key must remain secure against any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Yiming Bian , Yichen Zhang , Song Yu , Zhengyu Li , Hong Guo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) achieves information-theoretic security, without relying on computational assumptions, by distributing quantum states. To establish secret bits, two honest parties exploit key distillation protocols over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Rutvij Bhavsar , Junguk Moon , Joonwoo Bae

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two spatially separated parties to securely generate a cryptographic key. The first QKD protocol, published by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard in 1984 (BB84), describes how this is achieved by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-13 Olli Ahonen

Memory-assisted quantum key distribution (MA-QKD) systems are among novel promising solutions that can improve the key-rate scaling with channel loss. By using a middle node with quantum storage and measurement functionalities, they offer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-25 Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Mohsen Razavi

The capacity of the quantum dense key distribution (QDKD) [Phys. Rev. A69, 032310 (2004)] is doubled by introducing the dense coding. The security of the improved QDKD against eavesdropping is pointed out to be easily proven. In both the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Z. J. Zhang , Z. X. Man

This thesis is concerned with rigorous security analyses of practical Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols, using a variety of modern proof techniques. The main results are as follows. First, we establish a security proof for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Devashish Tupkary

The field of quantum communications promises the faithful distribution of quantum information, quantum entanglement, and absolutely secret keys, however, the highest rates of these tasks are fundamentally limited by the transmission…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-18 Matthew S. Winnel , Joshua J. Guanzon , Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Timothy C. Ralph

A prevalent issue in practical applications of quantum key distribution (QKD) is the emergence of correlations among the emitted signals. Although recent works have proved the security of QKD in the presence of this imperfection, they rest…

The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) is severely threatened by discrepancies between realistic devices and theoretical assumptions. Recently, a significant framework called the reference technique was proposed to provide security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Jie Gu , Xiao-Yu Cao , Yao Fu , Zong-Wu He , Ze-Jie Yin , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

The security of real-world quantum key distribution (QKD) critically depends on the number of data points the system can collect in a fixed time interval. To date, state-of-the-art finite-key security analyses require block lengths in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-26 Charles Ci-Wen Lim , Feihu Xu , Jian-Wei Pan , Artur Ekert

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is a promising quantum-safe alternative to classical asymmetric cryptography that enables two authenticated parties to establish a shared secret over a potentially eavesdropped quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Jonas Berl , Utku Akin , Erdem Eray Cil , Laurent Schmalen , Tobias Fehenberger

The core of security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD) is the estimation of a parameter that determines the amount of privacy amplification that the users need to apply in order to distill a secret key. To estimate this parameter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-24 Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Álvaro Navarrete , Margarida Pereira , Kiyoshi Tamaki

The emergence of quantum computing has introduced unprecedented security challenges to conventional cryptographic systems, particularly in the domain of optical communications. This research addresses these challenges by innovatively…

We develop a theory for long-distance quantum key distribution based on concatenated entanglement swapping using parametric down-conversion sources and show numerical results of our model. The model incorporates practical resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-09 Aeysha Khalique , Barry C. Sanders

Quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum message encryption protocols promise a secure way to distribute information while detecting eavesdropping. However, current protocols may suffer from significantly reduced eavesdropping protection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos , Kirby Linvill

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols aim at allowing two parties to generate a secret shared key. While many QKD protocols have been proven unconditionally secure in theory, practical security analyses of experimental QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-04 Michel Boyer , Gilles Brassard , Nicolas Godbout , Rotem Liss , Stéphane Virally

Finite key analysis of quantum key distribution (QKD) is an important tool for any QKD implementation. While much work has been done on the framework of finite key analysis, the application to individual protocols often relies on the the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-29 Ian George , Jie Lin , Norbert Lütkenhaus