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The complex and dynamic real-world clinical environment demands reliable deep learning (DL) systems. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a critical role in enhancing the reliability and generalizability of DL models when encountering…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jiangbei Yue , Darren Treanor , Venkataraman Subramanian , Sharib Ali

Deep neural networks are increasingly used in a wide range of technologies and services, but remain highly susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, that is, drawn from a different distribution than the original training set. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Pietro Recalcati , Fabio Garcea , Luca Piano , Fabrizio Lamberti , Lia Morra

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently received much attention from the machine learning community due to its importance in deploying machine learning models in real-world applications. In this paper we propose an uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Xiongjie Chen , Yunpeng Li , Yongxin Yang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for determining when a supervised model encounters inputs that differ meaningfully from its training distribution. While widely studied in classification, OOD detection for regression and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-16 Min Lu , Hemant Ishwaran

Long-tailed out-of-distribution (LT-OOD) detection is often addressed with specialized training, including auxiliary out-of-distribution (OOD) data, abstention heads, contrastive objectives, energy losses, or gradient-conflict control. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ningkang Peng , Xuanming Chen , Yanhui Gu

Unsupervised Anomaly Detection (UAD) methods rely on healthy data distributions to identify anomalies as outliers. In brain MRI, a common approach is reconstruction-based UAD, where generative models reconstruct healthy brain MRIs, and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-18 Finn Behrendt , Debayan Bhattacharya , Robin Mieling , Lennart Maack , Julia Krüger , Roland Opfer , Alexander Schlaefer

Avoiding out-of-distribution (OOD) data is critical for training supervised machine learning models in the medical imaging domain. Furthermore, obtaining labeled medical data is difficult and expensive since it requires expert annotators…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Suraj Kothawade , Akshit Srivastava , Venkat Iyer , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Rishabh Iyer

Detection of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) samples in real time is a crucial safety check for deployment of machine learning models in the medical field. Despite a growing number of uncertainty quantification techniques, there is a lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Karina Zadorozhny , Patrick Thoral , Paul Elbers , Giovanni Cinà

Ensuring reliability is paramount in deep learning, particularly within the domain of medical imaging, where diagnostic decisions often hinge on model outputs. The capacity to separate out-of-distribution (OOD) samples has proven to be a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Anju Chhetri , Jari Korhonen , Prashnna Gyawali , Binod Bhattarai

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world scenarios. While previous research has predominantly investigated the disparity between in-distribution (ID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yingwen Wu , Tao Li , Xinwen Cheng , Jie Yang , Xiaolin Huang

We explore the utility of information contained within a dropout based Bayesian neural network (BNN) for the task of detecting out of distribution (OOD) data. We first show how previous attempts to leverage the randomized embeddings induced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Andre T. Nguyen , Fred Lu , Gary Lopez Munoz , Edward Raff , Charles Nicholas , James Holt

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the problem of identifying inputs which are unrelated to the in-distribution task. The OOD detection performance when the in-distribution (ID) is ImageNet-1K is commonly being tested on a small range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Julian Bitterwolf , Maximilian Müller , Matthias Hein

This paper presents a fast, principled approach for detecting anomalous and out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in deep neural networks (DNN). We propose the application of linear statistical dimensionality reduction techniques on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Ibrahima J. Ndiour , Nilesh A. Ahuja , Omesh Tickoo

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to improve the reliability of machine learning models by detecting samples that do not belong to the training distribution. Detecting OOD samples effectively in certain tasks can pose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Divyanshu Mishra , He Zhao , Pramit Saha , Aris T. Papageorghiou , J. Alison Noble

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) data at inference time is crucial for many machine learning applications, especially for automation. We present a novel unsupervised semi-parametric framework COMBOOD for OOD detection with respect to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Magesh Rajasekaran , Md Saiful Islam Sajol , Frej Berglind , Supratik Mukhopadhyay , Kamalika Das

Out-of-distribution (OoD) detection is a natural downstream task for deep generative models, due to their ability to learn the input probability distribution. There are mainly two classes of approaches for OoD detection using deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Yujia Huang , Sihui Dai , Tan Nguyen , Richard G. Baraniuk , Anima Anandkumar

Despite outstanding semantic scene segmentation in closed-worlds, deep neural networks segment novel instances poorly, which is required for autonomous agents acting in an open world. To improve out-of-distribution (OOD) detection for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Meghna Gummadi , Cassandra Kent , Karl Schmeckpeper , Eric Eaton

Detecting unknown objects in semantic segmentation is crucial for safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving. Large vision foundation models, including DINOv2, InternImage, and CLIP, have advanced visual representation learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Laith Nayal , Hadi Salloum , Ahmad Taha , Yaroslav Kholodov , Alexander Gasnikov