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Subjective language understanding refers to a broad set of natural language processing tasks where the goal is to interpret or generate content that conveys personal feelings, opinions, or figurative meanings rather than objective facts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Changhao Song , Yazhou Zhang , Hui Gao , Ben Yao , Peng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in role-playing conversations and providing emotional support as separate research directions. However, there remains a significant research gap in combining these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Lanlan Qiu , Xiao Pu , Yeqi Feng , Tianxing He

Large language models (LLMs) are currently at the forefront of intertwining AI systems with human communication and everyday life. Therefore, it is of great importance to evaluate their emerging abilities. In this study, we show that LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Thilo Hagendorff , Sarah Fabi

Human feedback is crucial in the interactions between humans and Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing research primarily focuses on benchmarking LLMs in single-turn dialogues. Even in benchmarks designed for multi-turn dialogues,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Youquan Li , Miao Zheng , Fan Yang , Guosheng Dong , Bin Cui , Weipeng Chen , Zenan Zhou , Wentao Zhang

Emotion Support Conversation (ESC) is a crucial application, which aims to reduce human stress, offer emotional guidance, and ultimately enhance human mental and physical well-being. With the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haiquan Zhao , Lingyu Li , Shisong Chen , Shuqi Kong , Jiaan Wang , Kexin Huang , Tianle Gu , Yixu Wang , Wang Jian , Dandan Liang , Zhixu Li , Yan Teng , Yanghua Xiao , Yingchun Wang

Knowing how test takers answer items in educational assessments is essential for test development, to evaluate item quality, and to improve test validity. However, this process usually requires extensive pilot studies with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Andreas Säuberli , Diego Frassinelli , Barbara Plank

In human-centered design, developing a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of user experiences, i.e., empathic understanding, is paramount for designing products that truly meet human needs. Nevertheless, accurately comprehending the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Qihao Zhu , Leah Chong , Maria Yang , Jianxi Luo

This paper introduces a multi-label visual emotion analysis benchmark dataset for comprehensively evaluating the ability of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to predict the emotions evoked by images. Recent user studies report an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tianwei Chen , Takuya Furusawa , Yuki Hirakawa , Ryotaro Shimizu , Mo Fan , Takashi Wada

Advancements in spoken language processing have driven the development of spoken language models (SLMs), designed to achieve universal audio understanding by jointly learning text and audio representations for a wide range of tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Pedro Corrêa , João Lima , Victor Moreno , Lucas Ueda , Paula Dornhofer Paro Costa

Most affective computing research treats emotion as a static property of text, focusing on the writer's sentiment while overlooking the reader's perspective. This approach ignores how individual personalities lead to diverse emotional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuqin Yang , Haowu Zhou , Haoran Tu , Zhiwen Hui , Shiqi Yan , HaoYang Li , Dong She , Xianrong Yao , Yang Gao , Zhanpeng Jin

The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) provides human-centered Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) with a glimmer of hope. Empathy serves as a key emotional attribute of humanity, playing an irreplaceable role in human-centered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Linzhuang Sun , Yao Dong , Nan Xu , Jingxuan Wei , Bihui Yu , Yin Luo

Artificial intelligence systems increasingly generate text intended to provide social and emotional support. Understanding how users perceive empathic qualities in such content is therefore critical. We examined differences in perceived…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Jonas Festor , Ivo Snels , Bennett Kleinberg

Emotions have been shown to play a role in argument convincingness, yet this aspect is underexplored in the natural language processing (NLP) community. Unlike prior studies that use static analyses, focus on a single text domain or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yanran Chen , Steffen Eger

Emotion recognition in conversations (ERC) focuses on identifying emotion shifts within interactions, representing a significant step toward advancing machine intelligence. However, ERC data remains scarce, and existing datasets face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Burak Can Kaplan , Hugo Cesar De Castro Carneiro , Stefan Wermter

Large Language Models like GPT-4 adjust their responses not only based on the question asked, but also on how it is emotionally phrased. We systematically vary the emotional tone of 156 prompts - spanning controversial and everyday topics -…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Franck Bardol

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be conditioned with explicit personality prompts, yet their behavioral realization often varies depending on context. This study examines how identical personality prompts lead to distinct linguistic,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Bin Han , Deuksin Kwon , Jonathan Gratch

The influence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly growing, automating more jobs over time. Assessing the fairness of LLMs is crucial due to their expanding impact. Studies reveal the reflection of societal norms and biases in LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Jayanta Sadhu , Maneesha Rani Saha , Rifat Shahriyar

Large language model (LLM) simulations of human behavior have the potential to revolutionize the social and behavioral sciences, if and only if they faithfully reflect real human behaviors. Current evaluations of simulation fidelity are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tiancheng Hu , Joachim Baumann , Lorenzo Lupo , Nigel Collier , Dirk Hovy , Paul Röttger

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support the analysis of complex financial disclosures, yet their reliability, behavioral consistency, and transparency remain insufficiently understood in high-stakes settings. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Talha Mohsin

One challenge for dialogue agents is recognizing feelings in the conversation partner and replying accordingly, a key communicative skill. While it is straightforward for humans to recognize and acknowledge others' feelings in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Hannah Rashkin , Eric Michael Smith , Margaret Li , Y-Lan Boureau