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Inference from large autoregressive models like Transformers is slow - decoding K tokens takes K serial runs of the model. In this work we introduce speculative decoding - an algorithm to sample from autoregressive models faster without any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Yaniv Leviathan , Matan Kalman , Yossi Matias

Massive parameters of LLMs have made inference latency a fundamental bottleneck. Speculative decoding represents a lossless approach to accelerate inference through a guess-and-verify paradigm. Some methods rely on additional architectures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xianzhen Luo , Yixuan Wang , Qingfu Zhu , Zhiming Zhang , Xuanyu Zhang , Qing Yang , Dongliang Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have become ubiquitous in practice and are widely used for generation tasks such as translation, summarization and instruction following. However, their enormous size and reliance on autoregressive decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Benjamin Bergner , Andrii Skliar , Amelie Royer , Tijmen Blankevoort , Yuki Asano , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi

Transformer-based models have made tremendous impacts in natural language generation. However the inference speed is a bottleneck due to large model size and intensive computing involved in auto-regressive decoding process. We develop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Yu Yan , Fei Hu , Jiusheng Chen , Nikhil Bhendawade , Ting Ye , Yeyun Gong , Nan Duan , Desheng Cui , Bingyu Chi , Ruofei Zhang

Transformer language models can generate strikingly natural text by modeling language as a sequence of tokens, but by relying primarily on surface-level co-occurrence statistics they fail to form globally consistent latent representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , James McClelland

Autoregressive models, such as the GPT family, use a fixed order, usually left-to-right, to generate sequences. However, this is not a necessity. In this paper, we challenge this assumption and show that by simply adding a positional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Arnaud Pannatier , Evann Courdier , François Fleuret

Autoregressive language models accumulate errors due to their fixed, irrevocable left-to-right token generation. To address this, we propose a new sampling method called Resample-Previous-Tokens (RPT). RPT mitigates error accumulation by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Itai Gat , Neta Shaul , Uriel Singer , Yaron Lipman

Autoregressive language models like GPT aim to predict next tokens, while autoencoding models such as BERT are trained on tasks such as predicting masked tokens. We train a decoder-only architecture for predicting the second to last token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Johannes Schneider

Most sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models are autoregressive; they generate each token by conditioning on previously generated tokens. In contrast, non-autoregressive seq2seq models generate all tokens in one pass, which leads to increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Xuezhe Ma , Chunting Zhou , Xian Li , Graham Neubig , Eduard Hovy

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) based on the Transformer architecture have recently emerged as a dominant foundation model for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. Nevertheless, their application in real-time scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Hasan Genc , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami , Sophia Shao

We introduce Retrieval-Based Speculative Decoding (REST), a novel algorithm designed to speed up language model generation. The key insight driving the development of REST is the observation that the process of text generation often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Zhenyu He , Zexuan Zhong , Tianle Cai , Jason D. Lee , Di He

Large language models augmented with task-relevant documents have demonstrated impressive performance on knowledge-intensive tasks. However, regarding how to obtain effective documents, the existing methods are mainly divided into two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zhangyin Feng , Xiaocheng Feng , Dezhi Zhao , Maojin Yang , Bing Qin

Despite the crucial importance of accelerating text generation in large language models (LLMs) for efficiently producing content, the sequential nature of this process often leads to high inference latency, posing challenges for real-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Mahsa Khoshnoodi , Vinija Jain , Mingye Gao , Malavika Srikanth , Aman Chadha

Existing techniques for accelerating language model inference, such as speculative decoding, require training auxiliary speculator models and building and deploying complex inference pipelines. We consider a new approach for converting a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 John Kirchenbauer , Abhimanyu Hans , Brian Bartoldson , Micah Goldblum , Ashwinee Panda , Tom Goldstein

Speculative decoding aims to speed up autoregressive generation of a language model by verifying in parallel the tokens generated by a smaller draft model.In this work, we explore the effectiveness of learning-free, negligible-cost draft…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Lawrence Stewart , Matthew Trager , Sujan Kumar Gonugondla , Stefano Soatto

We enhance auto-regressive language models by conditioning on document chunks retrieved from a large corpus, based on local similarity with preceding tokens. With a $2$ trillion token database, our Retrieval-Enhanced Transformer (RETRO)…

This paper contains what the Georgetown InfoSense group has done in regard to solving the challenges presented by TREC iKAT 2023. Our submitted runs outperform the median runs by a significant margin, exhibiting superior performance in nDCG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Quinn Patwardhan , Grace Hui Yang

Existing approaches to neural machine translation are typically autoregressive models. While these models attain state-of-the-art translation quality, they are suffering from low parallelizability and thus slow at decoding long sequences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Chunqi Wang , Ji Zhang , Haiqing Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. However, the substantial number of parameters in LLMs contributes to significant latency during model inference. This is particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Pengfei Wu , Jiahao Liu , Zhuocheng Gong , Qifan Wang , Jinpeng Li , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly solve complex reasoning tasks via long chain-of-thought, but their forward-only autoregressive generation process is fragile; early token errors can cascade, which creates a clear need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jian Mu , Qixin Zhang , Zhiyong Wang , Menglin Yang , Shuang Qiu , Chengwei Qin , Zhongxiang Dai , Yao Shu
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