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Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can find an optimal policy for a single agent to accomplish a particular task. However, many real-world problems require multiple agents to collaborate in order to achieve a common goal. For example, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Hadi Partovi Aria , Hyohun Kim , Daniel Neider , Zhe Xu

We study multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in a stochastic network of agents. The objective is to find localized policies that maximize the (discounted) global reward. In general, scalability is a challenge in this setting because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Yiheng Lin , Guannan Qu , Longbo Huang , Adam Wierman

Value decomposition is a central approach in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), enabling centralized training with decentralized execution by factorizing the global value function into local values. To ensure individual-global-max…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tianmeng Hu , Yongzheng Cui , Rui Tang , Biao Luo , Ke Li

Action and observation delays exist prevalently in the real-world cyber-physical systems which may pose challenges in reinforcement learning design. It is particularly an arduous task when handling multi-agent systems where the delay of one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Baiming Chen , Mengdi Xu , Zuxin Liu , Liang Li , Ding Zhao

Fully decentralized learning, where the global information, i.e., the actions of other agents, is inaccessible, is a fundamental challenge in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning. However, the convergence and optimality of most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Jiechuan Jiang , Zongqing Lu

In real-world multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) applications, agents may not have perfect state information (e.g., due to inaccurate measurement or malicious attacks), which challenges the robustness of agents' policies. Though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Sihong He , Songyang Han , Sanbao Su , Shuo Han , Shaofeng Zou , Fei Miao

Analysing learning in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) environments is challenging, in particular with respect to \textit{individual} decision-making. Practitioners frequently struggle to compare training runs due to the inherent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-29 James Rudd-Jones , María Pérez-Ortiz , Mirco Musolesi

Non-stationarity is one thorny issue in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). One of the reasons is the policy changes of agents during the learning process. Some existing works have discussed various consequences caused by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Wenhao Li , Xiangfeng Wang , Bo Jin , Junjie Sheng , Hongyuan Zha

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has attracted much research attention recently. However, unlike its single-agent counterpart, many theoretical and algorithmic aspects of MARL have not been well-understood. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Siliang Zeng , Tianyi Chen , Alfredo Garcia , Mingyi Hong

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has witnessed a remarkable surge in interest, fueled by the empirical success achieved in applications of single-agent reinforcement learning (RL). In this study, we consider a distributed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee

There are only a few learning algorithms applicable to stochastic dynamic teams and games which generalize Markov decision processes to decentralized stochastic control problems involving possibly self-interested decision makers. Learning…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-05-03 Gürdal Arslan , Serdar Yüksel

In this thesis, I propose a family of fully decentralized deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms to achieve high, real-time performance in network-level traffic signal control. In this approach, each intersection is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Jin Guo

Recent developments in deep reinforcement learning are concerned with creating decision-making agents which can perform well in various complex domains. A particular approach which has received increasing attention is multi-agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Georgios Papoudakis , Filippos Christianos , Arrasy Rahman , Stefano V. Albrecht

A major challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) is the curse of multiagents, where the size of the joint action space scales exponentially with the number of agents. This remains to be a bottleneck for designing efficient MARL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Chi Jin , Qinghua Liu , Yuanhao Wang , Tiancheng Yu

Reinforcement learning (RL) emerges as a promising data-driven approach for adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) in complex urban traffic networks, with deep neural networks substantially augmenting its learning capabilities. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuli Zhang , Shangbo Wang , Dongyao Jia , Pengfei Fan , Ruiyuan Jiang , Hankang Gu , Andy H. F. Chow

This paper explores advanced topics in complex multi-agent systems building upon our previous work. We examine four fundamental challenges in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL): non-stationarity, partial observability, scalability…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Neil De La Fuente , Miquel Noguer i Alonso , Guim Casadellà

Agent faults pose a significant threat to the performance of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms, introducing two key challenges. First, agents often struggle to extract critical information from the chaotic state space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Yuchen Shi , Huaxin Pei , Liang Feng , Yi Zhang , Danya Yao

While many robotic tasks can be addressed using either centralized single-agent control with full state observation or decentralized multi-agent control, clear criteria for choosing between these approaches remain underexplored. This paper…

We propose using regularization for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning rather than learning explicit cooperative structures called {\em Multi-Agent Regularized Q-learning} (MARQ). Many MARL approaches leverage centralized structures in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Chapman Siu , Jason Traish , Richard Yi Da Xu

Decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have become popular in the literature since it allows heterogeneous agents to have their own reward functions as opposed to canonical multi-agent Markov Decision Process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Soumajyoti Sarkar