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Motivated by the burning and cooling processes, the burning game is introduced. The game is played on a graph $G$ by the two players (Burner and Staller) that take turns selecting vertices of $G$ to burn; as in the burning process, burning…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-18 Nina Chiarelli , Vesna Iršič , Marko Jakovac , William B. Kinnersley , Mirjana Mikalački

The problem of graph burning was firstly introduced as a model for different processes of social and network interactions. Recently, the authors of the present paper developed methods of algebraic topology for investigation of this problem.…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Yuri Muranov , Anna Muranova

Suppose we have a network that is represented by a graph $G$. Potentially a fire (or other type of contagion) might erupt at some vertex of $G$. We are able to respond to this outbreak by establishing a firebreak at $k$ other vertices of…

We study a discrete-time model for the spread of information in a graph, motivated by the idea that people believe a story when they learn of it from two different origins. Similar to the burning number, in this problem, information spreads…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-14 C. B. Jacobs , M. E. Messinger , A. N. Trenk

The burning and forcing processes are both instances of propagation processes on graphs that are commonly used to model real-world spreading phenomena. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. We first establish a connection between…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-16 Aida Abiad , Pax Mallee

Graph burning is a discrete-time process that models the spread of influence in a network. Vertices are either burning or unburned, and in each round, a burning vertex causes all of its neighbours to become burning before a new fire source…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-24 Karen Gunderson , William Kellough , JD Nir , Hritik Punj

The spread of an infection, a contagion, meme, emotion, message and various other spreadable objects have been discussed in several works. Burning and firefighting have been discussed in particular on static graphs. Graph burning simulates…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-11-17 Arya Tanmay Gupta

Consider an information diffusion process on a graph $G$ that starts with $k>0$ burnt vertices, and at each subsequent step, burns the neighbors of the currently burnt vertices, as well as $k$ other unburnt vertices. The \emph{$k$-burning…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Debajyoti Mondal , N. Parthiban , V. Kavitha , Indra Rajasingh

Burning and cooling are diffusion processes on graphs in which burned (or cooled) vertices spread to their neighbors with a new source picked at discrete time steps. In burning, the one tries to burn the graph as fast as possible, while in…

Lazy burning is a recently introduced variation of burning where only one set of vertices is chosen to burn in the first round. In hypergraphs, lazy burning spreads when all but one vertex in a hyperedge is burned. The lazy burning number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-06 Anthony Bonato , Caleb Jones , Trent G. Marbach , Teddy Mishura , Zhiyuan Zhang

Graph burning is a round-based game or process that discretely models the spread of influence throughout a network. We introduce a generalization of graph burning which applies to hypergraphs, as well as a variant called ''lazy'' hypergraph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Andrea C. Burgess , Caleb W. Jones , David A. Pike

Let $G$ be any connected graph on $n$ vertices, $n \ge 2.$ Let $k$ be any positive integer. Suppose that a fire breaks out on some vertex of $G.$ Then in each turn $k$ firefighters can protect vertices of $G$ --- each can protect one vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-12-01 Przemysław Gordinowicz

The burning number of a graph is the minimal number of steps that are needed to burn all of its vertices, with the following burning procedure: at each step, one can choose a point to set on fire, and the fire propagates constantly at unit…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Guillaume Blanc , Alice Contat

We study a model for the destruction of a random network by fire. Suppose that we are given a multigraph of minimum degree at least 2 having real-valued edge-lengths. We pick a uniform point from along the length and set it alight; the…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Christina Goldschmidt , Eleonora Kreačić

Information spread is an intriguing topic to study in network science, which investigates how information, influence, or contagion propagate through networks. Graph burning is a simplified deterministic model for how information spreads…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Mahdi Nazeri , Ali Mollahosseini , Iman Izadi

A spanning tree $T$ of a connected graph $G$ is a subgraph of $G$ that is a tree covers all vertices of $G$. The leaf distance of $T$ is defined as the minimum of distances between any two leaves of $T$. A fractional matching of a graph $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-16 Sizhong Zhou

A tree $t$-spanner of a graph $G$ is a spanning tree of $G$ such that the distance between pairs of vertices in the tree is at most $t$ times their distance in $G$. Deciding tree $t$-spanner admissible graphs has been proved to be tractable…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Ioannis Papoutsakis

Graph burning is a discrete-time process on graphs where vertices are sequentially activated and burning vertices cause their neighbours to burn over time. In this work, we focus on a dynamic setting in which the graph grows over time, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Jordan Barrett , Karen Gunderson , JD Nir , Pawel Pralat

A vertex of degree one in a tree is called an end vertex and a vertex of degree at least three is called a branch vertex. For a graph $G$, let $\sigma_2$ be the minimum degree sum of two nonadjacent vertices in $G$. We consider tree…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-19 Zhora Nikoghosyan

A linear forest is a union of vertex-disjoint paths, and the linear arboricity of a graph $G$, denoted by $\operatorname{la}(G)$, is the minimum number of linear forests needed to partition the edge set of $G$. Clearly,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-03 Guantao Chen , Yanli Hao , Guoning Yu