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Applying reinforcement learning (RL) to foreign exchange (Forex) trading remains challenging because realistic environments, well-defined reward functions, and expressive action spaces must be satisfied simultaneously, yet many prior…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-04-02 Nabeel Ahmad Saidd

Dealing with high variance is a significant challenge in model-free reinforcement learning (RL). Existing methods are unreliable, exhibiting high variance in performance from run to run using different initializations/seeds. Focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Richard Cheng , Abhinav Verma , Gabor Orosz , Swarat Chaudhuri , Yisong Yue , Joel W. Burdick

High-frequency trading is prevalent, where automated decisions must be made quickly to take advantage of price imbalances and patterns in price action that forecast near-future movements. While many algorithms have been explored and tested,…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-11-07 Koti S. Jaddu , Paul A. Bilokon

We model short-duration (e.g. day) trading in financial markets as a sequential decision-making problem under uncertainty, with the added complication of continual concept-drift. We, therefore, employ meta reinforcement learning via the RL2…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-20 S I Harini , Gautam Shroff , Ashwin Srinivasan , Prayushi Faldu , Lovekesh Vig

Reliant on too many experiments to learn good actions, current Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have limited applicability in real-world settings, which can be too expensive to allow exploration. We propose an algorithm for batch RL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Rasool Fakoor , Jonas Mueller , Kavosh Asadi , Pratik Chaudhari , Alexander J. Smola

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a promising approach for adaptive robot control, but its current application to robotics is currently hindered by high sample requirements. To alleviate this issue, we propose to exploit the symmetries…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Yijiong Lin , Jiancong Huang , Matthieu Zimmer , Yisheng Guan , Juan Rojas , Paul Weng

Portfolio Selection is an important real-world financial task and has attracted extensive attention in artificial intelligence communities. This task, however, has two main difficulties: (i) the non-stationary price series and complex asset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Yifan Zhang , Peilin Zhao , Qingyao Wu , Bin Li , Junzhou Huang , Mingkui Tan

With the increasing power of computers and the rapid development of self-learning methodologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, the problem of constructing an automatic Financial Trading Systems (FTFs) becomes an…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-08-29 Haoqian Li , Thomas Lau

Reinforcement Learning (RL) applied to financial problems has been the subject of a lively area of research. The use of RL for optimal trading strategies that exploit latent information in the market is, to the best of our knowledge, not…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-04 Andrea Macrì , Sebastian Jaimungal , Fabrizio Lillo

This paper explores the mean-variance portfolio selection problem in a multi-period financial market characterized by regime-switching dynamics and uncontrollable liabilities. To address the uncertainty in the decision-making process within…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-04 Zhongqin Gao , Ping Chen , Xun Li , Yan Lv , Wenhao Zhang

Online learning algorithms for dynamical systems provide finite time guarantees for control in the presence of sequentially revealed cost functions. We pose the classical linear quadratic tracking problem in the framework of online…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-18 Aren Karapetyan , Diego Bolliger , Anastasios Tsiamis , Efe C. Balta , John Lygeros

Alignment is vital for safely deploying large language models (LLMs). Existing techniques are either reward-based (training a reward model on preference pairs and optimizing with reinforcement learning) or reward-free (directly fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ruoxi Cheng , Haoxuan Ma , Weixin Wang , Ranjie Duan , Jiexi Liu , Xiaoshuang Jia , Simeng Qin , Xiaochun Cao , Yang Liu , Xiaojun Jia

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning technique that enables an intelligent agent to learn an optimal policy that maximizes the cumulative rewards in sequential decision making. Most of methods in the existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-06 Chengchun Shi , Zhengling Qi , Jianing Wang , Fan Zhou

We study continuous-time reinforcement learning (RL) for stochastic control in which system dynamics are governed by jump-diffusion processes. We formulate an entropy-regularized exploratory control problem with stochastic policies to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Xuefeng Gao , Lingfei Li , Xun Yu Zhou

Managing physiological variables within clinically safe target zones is a central challenge in healthcare, particularly for chronic conditions such as Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Reinforcement learning (RL) offers promise for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 David H. Mguni , Jing Dong , Wanrong Yang , Ziquan Liu , Muhammad Salman Haleem , Baoxiang Wang

The problem of robust dynamic pricing of an abstract commodity, whose inventory is specified at an initial time but never subsequently replenished, originally studied by Perakis and Sood (2006) in discrete time, is considered from the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-09-04 Terry L. Friesz , Changhyun Kwon , Tae Il Kim , Lifan Fan , Tao Yao

Prior work in multi-objective reinforcement learning typically uses linear reward scalarization with fixed weights, which provably fails to capture non-convex Pareto fronts and thus yields suboptimal results. This limitation becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yining Lu , Zilong Wang , Shiyang Li , Xin Liu , Changlong Yu , Qingyu Yin , Zhan Shi , Zixuan Zhang , Meng Jiang

This paper presents an inverse reinforcement learning~(IRL) framework for Bayesian stopping time problems. By observing the actions of a Bayesian decision maker, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition to identify if these actions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Kunal Pattanayak , Vikram Krishnamurthy

Many challenging real-world problems require the deployment of ensembles multiple complementary learning models to reach acceptable performance levels. While effective, applying the entire ensemble to every sample is costly and often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Orel Lavie , Asaf Shabtai , Gilad Katz

We study reinforcement learning (RL) problems in which agents observe the reward or transition realizations at their current state before deciding which action to take. Such observations are available in many applications, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Nadav Merlis