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Tokenization is a fundamental component of large language models (LLMs), yet its influence on model scaling and performance is not fully explored. In this paper, we introduce Over-Tokenized Transformers, a novel framework that decouples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Hongzhi Huang , Defa Zhu , Banggu Wu , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Qiyang Min , Xun Zhou

Neural contextual biasing allows speech recognition models to leverage contextually relevant information, leading to improved transcription accuracy. However, the biasing mechanism is typically based on a cross-attention module between the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-05 Nikolaos Flemotomos , Roger Hsiao , Pawel Swietojanski , Takaaki Hori , Dogan Can , Xiaodan Zhuang

Direct acoustics-to-word (A2W) systems for end-to-end automatic speech recognition are simpler to train, and more efficient to decode with, than sub-word systems. However, A2W systems can have difficulties at training time when data is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-01 Shane Settle , Kartik Audhkhasi , Karen Livescu , Michael Picheny

In this study, we present an approach to train a single speech enhancement network that can perform both personalized and non-personalized speech enhancement. This is achieved by incorporating a frame-wise conditioning input that specifies…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-24 Zhepei Wang , Ritwik Giri , Devansh Shah , Jean-Marc Valin , Michael M. Goodwin , Paris Smaragdis

Modern tokenizers employ deterministic algorithms to map text into a single "canonical" token sequence, yet the same string can be encoded as many non-canonical tokenizations using the tokenizer vocabulary. In this work, we investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Brian Siyuan Zheng , Alisa Liu , Orevaoghene Ahia , Jonathan Hayase , Yejin Choi , Noah A. Smith

Existing NLP datasets contain various biases, and models tend to quickly learn those biases, which in turn limits their robustness. Existing approaches to improve robustness against dataset biases mostly focus on changing the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Marcel de Boer , Prasetya Ajie Utama , Iryna Gurevych

The goal of this paper is to use multi-task learning to efficiently scale slot filling models for natural language understanding to handle multiple target tasks or domains. The key to scalability is reducing the amount of training data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Aaron Jaech , Larry Heck , Mari Ostendorf

This paper proposes a dual-stage, low complexity, and reconfigurable technique to enhance the speech contaminated by various types of noise sources. Driven by input data and audio contents, the proposed dual-stage speech enhancement…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-18 Jun Yang , Nico Brailovsky

While recent neural text-to-speech (TTS) systems perform remarkably well, they typically require a substantial amount of recordings from the target speaker reading in the desired speaking style. In this work, we present a novel 3-step…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-03 Goeric Huybrechts , Thomas Merritt , Giulia Comini , Bartek Perz , Raahil Shah , Jaime Lorenzo-Trueba

We present nonparametric algorithms for estimating optimal individualized treatment rules. The proposed algorithms are based on the XGBoost algorithm, which is known as one of the most powerful algorithms in the machine learning literature.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-04 Duzhe Wang , Haoda Fu , Po-Ling Loh

Many scene text recognition approaches are based on purely visual information and ignore the semantic relation between scene and text. In this paper, we tackle this problem from natural language processing perspective to fill the gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Ahmed Sabir , Francesc Moreno-Noguer , Lluís Padró

In the last decade, machine translation has become a popular means to deal with multilingual digital content. By providing higher quality translations, obfuscating the source language of a text becomes more attractive. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Benjamin Murauer , Michael Tschuggnall , Günther Specht

Boosting algorithms to simultaneously estimate and select predictor effects in statistical models have gained substantial interest during the last decade. This review article aims to highlight recent methodological developments regarding…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-11-19 Andreas Mayr , Harald Binder , Olaf Gefeller , Matthias Schmid

Target-speaker speech recognition aims to recognize target-speaker speech from noisy environments with background noise and interfering speakers. This work presents a joint framework that combines time-domain target-speaker speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Jiatong Shi , Chunlei Zhang , Chao Weng , Shinji Watanabe , Meng Yu , Dong Yu

Studies have shown that in noisy acoustic environments, providing binaural signals to the user of an assistive listening device may improve speech intelligibility and spatial awareness. This paper presents a binaural speech enhancement…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-11 Vikas Tokala , Eric Grinstein , Mike Brookes , Simon Doclo , Jesper Jensen , Patrick A. Naylor

In many current speech recognizers, a statistical language model is used to indicate how likely it is that a certain word will be spoken next, given the words recognized so far. How can statistical language models be improved so that more…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Joerg P. Ueberla

It is often the case that the best performing language model is an ensemble of a neural language model with n-grams. In this work, we propose a method to improve how these two models are combined. By using a small network which predicts the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Anton Bakhtin , Arthur Szlam , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Edouard Grave

Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation is intended to infer the unknown density distribution while making as few assumptions as possible. To alleviate the over parameterization in nonparametric data fitting, smoothing assumptions are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-21 YunPeng Li , ZhaoHui Ye

Capitalization normalization (truecasing) is the task of restoring the correct case (uppercase or lowercase) of noisy text. We propose a fast, accurate and compact two-level hierarchical word-and-character-based recurrent neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Hao Zhang , You-Chi Cheng , Shankar Kumar , W. Ronny Huang , Mingqing Chen , Rajiv Mathews

Converting written texts into their spoken forms is an essential problem in any text-to-speech (TTS) systems. However, building an effective text normalization solution for a real-world TTS system face two main challenges: (1) the semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Huu-Tien Dang , Thi-Hai-Yen Vuong , Xuan-Hieu Phan