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Quantization is essential for efficient large language model (LLM) inference, yet the dequantization step-converting low-bit weights back to high-precision for matrix multiplication has become a critical bottleneck on modern AI…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-15 Lingchao Zheng , Yuwei Fan , Jun Li , Chengqiu Hu , Qichen Liao , Junyi Fan , Rui Shi , Fangzheng Miao

For large language models (LLMs), post-training quantization (PTQ) can significantly reduce memory footprint and computational overhead. Model quantization is rapidly evolving. Though many papers report breakthrough results, they are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yutong Liu , Cairong Zhao , Guosheng Hu

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a primary approach for deploying large language models without fine-tuning, and the quantized performance is often strongly affected by the calibration in PTQ. By contrast, in vision-language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhenhao Shang , Haizhao Jing , Guoting Wei , Haokui Zhang , Rong Xiao , Jianqing Gao , Peng Wang

Embedding Artificial Intelligence onto low-power devices is a challenging task that has been partly overcome with recent advances in machine learning and hardware design. Presently, deep neural networks can be deployed on embedded targets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Pierre-Emmanuel Novac , Ghouthi Boukli Hacene , Alain Pegatoquet , Benoît Miramond , Vincent Gripon

Hybrid models that combine convolutional and transformer blocks offer strong performance in computer vision (CV) tasks but are resource-intensive for edge deployment. Although post-training quantization (PTQ) can help reduce resource…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Shaibal Saha , Lanyu Xu

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) holds the promise in reducing the prohibitive computational cost at inference time. Quantization of all weight, activation and key-value (KV) cache tensors to 4-bit without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Utkarsh Saxena , Sayeh Sharify , Kaushik Roy , Xin Wang

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on mobile platforms faces significant challenges due to the limited memory and shared computational resources of the device. Resource availability may be an issue as it is directly impacted by the…

Mixed-precision quantization (MPQ) is crucial for deploying deep neural networks on resource-constrained devices, but finding the optimal bit-width for each layer represents a complex combinatorial optimization problem. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Mehmet Emre Akbulut , Hazem Hesham Yousef Shalby , Fabrizio Pittorino , Manuel Roveri

This paper proposes a training method having multiple cyclic training for achieving enhanced performance in low-bit quantized convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Quantization is a popular method for obtaining lightweight CNNs, where the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-28 HyunJin Kim , Jungwoo Shin , Alberto A. Del Barrio

Deep learning models have shown strong performance in medical image analysis, but deploying them in low-resource clinical environments remains difficult due to computational, memory, and power constraints. This paper presents a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Sumanth Meenan Kanneti , Aryan Shah

Large reasoning models (LRMs) reach competition-level math and coding accuracy via long autoregressive decoding, making per-token decoding cost a primary deployment concern. Weight quantization is the standard tool for acceleration, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Euntae Choi , Sumin Song , Sungjoo Yoo

Low-bit quantization is challenging to maintain high performance with limited model capacity (e.g., 4-bit for both weights and activations). Naturally, the distribution of both weights and activations in deep neural network are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Haibao Yu , Tuopu Wen , Guangliang Cheng , Jiankai Sun , Qi Han , Jianping Shi

Post-training quantization (PTQ) reduces a model's memory footprint by mapping full precision weights into low bit weights without costly retraining, but can degrade its downstream performance especially in low 2- to 3-bit settings. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Hanqi Xiao , Yi-Lin Sung , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Quantization method plays a crucial role in improving model efficiency and reducing deployment costs, enabling the widespread application of deep learning models on resource-constrained devices. However, the quantization process inevitably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jinhao Zhang , Yunquan Zhang , Boyang Zhang , Zeyu Liu , Daning Cheng

Mixed-precision quantization mostly predetermines the model bit-width settings before actual training due to the non-differential bit-width sampling process, obtaining sub-optimal performance. Worse still, the conventional static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Yingchun Wang , Jingcai Guo , Song Guo , Weizhan Zhang

Although considerable progress has been obtained in neural network quantization for efficient inference, existing methods are not scalable to heterogeneous devices as one dedicated model needs to be trained, transmitted, and stored for one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Hai Wu , Ruifei He , Haoru Tan , Xiaojuan Qi , Kaibin Huang

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) represent two mainstream model quantization approaches. However, PTQ often leads to unacceptable performance degradation in quantized models, while QAT imposes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Xinhao Wang , Zhiwei Lin , Zhongyu Xia , Yongtao Wang

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a practical approach to compress large neural networks, making them highly efficient for deployment. However, effectively reducing these models to their low-bit counterparts without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Aozhong Zhang , Zi Yang , Naigang Wang , Yingyong Qi , Jack Xin , Xin Li , Penghang Yin

Due to the high memory and computational costs associated with large language models (LLMs), model compression techniques such as quantization, which reduces inference costs, and parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods like Low-Rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Hyesung Jeon , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-joon Kim

Medical image classification is a critical task in healthcare, enabling accurate and timely diagnosis. However, deploying deep learning models on resource-constrained edge devices presents significant challenges due to computational and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Mahsa Lavaei , Zahra Abadi , Salar Beigzad , Alireza Maleki