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In many clinical contexts, estimating effects of treatment in time-to-event data is complicated not only by confounding, censoring, and heterogeneity, but also by the presence of a cured subpopulation in which the event of interest never…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-06 Yuqi Li , Quinn Lanners , Matthew M. Engelhard

Analyses of causal mediation often involve exposure-induced confounders or, relatedly, multiple mediators. In such applications, researchers aim to estimate a variety of different quantities, including interventional direct and indirect…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-18 Jesse Zhou , Geoffrey T. Wodtke

The causal inference literature frequently focuses on estimating the mean of the potential outcome, whereas quantiles of the potential outcome may carry important additional information. We propose a unified approach, based on the inverse…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-16 Chao Cheng , Fan Li

Valid estimation of treatment effects from observational data requires proper control of confounding. If the number of covariates is large relative to the number of observations, then controlling for all available covariates is infeasible.…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-11 Joseph Antonelli , Matthew Cefalu , Nathan Palmer , Denis Agniel

Investigating the causal relationship between exposure and the time-to-event outcome is an important topic in biomedical research. Previous literature has discussed the potential issues of using the hazard ratio as a marginal causal effect…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-05 Zihan Lin , Ai Ni , Bo Lu

The propensity score analysis is one of the most widely used methods for studying the causal treatment effect in observational studies. This paper studies treatment effect estimation with the method of matching weights. This method…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-05-17 Liang Li

We present new results on average causal effects in settings with unmeasured exposure-outcome confounding. Our results are motivated by a class of estimands, e.g., frequently of interest in medicine and public health, that are currently not…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-25 Lan Wen , Aaron L. Sarvet , Mats J. Stensrud

Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) are widely used to evaluate group-level interventions and increasingly collect multiple outcomes capturing complementary dimensions of benefit and risk. Investigators often seek a single global summary of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Xinyuan Chen , Fan Li

Evaluating causal treatment effects in observational studies requires addressing confounding. While the back-door criterion enables identification through adjustment for observed covariates, it fails in the presence of unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-04 Anna Guo , David Benkeser , Razieh Nabi

Statistical methods to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions are increasingly challenged by the inherent interconnectedness of units. Specifically, a recent flurry of methods research has addressed the problem of interference between…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-24 Corwin M. Zigler , Georgia Papadogeorgou

Various indicators and measures of the real life procedures rise up as functionals of the quantile process of a parent random variable Z. However, Z can be observed only through a response in a linear model whose covariates are not under…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-04 Jana Jurečková , Jan Picek , Jan Kalina

Theoretical guarantees for causal inference using propensity scores are partly based on the scores behaving like conditional probabilities. However, scores between zero and one, especially when outputted by flexible statistical estimators,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-12 Rom Gutman , Ehud Karavani , Yishai Shimoni

Estimation of causal effects is the core objective of many scientific disciplines. However, it remains a challenging task, especially when the effects are estimated from observational data. Recently, several promising machine learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-02 Niki Kiriakidou , Christos Diou

This paper describes several approaches for estimating the benchmark dose (BMD) in a risk assessment study with quantal dose-response data and when there are competing model classes for the dose-response function. Strategies involving a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-11-19 Edsel A. Pena , Wensong Wu , Walter Piegorsch , Ronald W. West , Lingling An

The standard approach to answering an identifiable causal-effect query (e.g., $P(Y|do(X)$) when given a causal diagram and observational data is to first generate an estimand, or probabilistic expression over the observable variables, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Anna Raichev , Alexander Ihler , Jin Tian , Rina Dechter

Identifying covariates that modify treatment effects is a central problem in causal inference. Yet existing data-adaptive procedures do not provide finite-sample control over the expected number of false discoveries, risking spurious…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Omar Melikechi

The analysis of data arising from environmental health studies which collect a large number of measures of exposure can benefit from using latent variable models to summarize exposure information. However, difficulties with estimation of…

Applications · Statistics 2009-08-21 Brisa N. Sánchez , Esben Budtz-Jørgensen , Louise M. Ryan

Continuous response variables often need to be transformed to meet regression modeling assumptions; however, finding the optimal transformation is challenging and results may vary with the choice of transformation. When a continuous…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-19 Yuqi Tian , Bryan E. Shepherd , Chun Li , Donglin Zeng , Jonathan J. Schildcrout

Matching is one of the simplest approaches for estimating causal effects from observational data. Matching techniques compare the observed outcomes across pairs of individuals with similar covariate values but different treatment statuses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Abhishek Dalvi , Neil Ashtekar , Vasant Honavar

We study the problem of estimating the effect function for a continuous treatment, which maps each treatment value to a population-averaged outcome. A central challenge in this setting is confounding: treatment assignment often depends on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Seok-Jin Kim , Kaizheng Wang