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The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm is widely used for parameter estimation, especially for huge data sets and online learning. While this recursive algorithm is popular for computation and memory efficiency, quantifying…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-23 Wanrong Zhu , Xi Chen , Wei Biao Wu

In this paper, we investigate the theoretical properties of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for statistical inference in the context of nonconvex optimization problems, which have been relatively unexplored compared to convex settings.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-06 Yanjie Zhong , Todd Kuffner , Soumendra Lahiri

We study online inference and asymptotic covariance estimation for the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm. While classical methods (such as plug-in and batch-means estimators) are available, they either require inaccessible…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Ziyang Wei , Wanrong Zhu , Jingyang Lyu , Wei Biao Wu

Understanding stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its variants is essential for machine learning. However, most of the preceding analyses are conducted under amenable conditions such as unbiased gradient estimator and bounded objective…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-26 Tianyou Li , Fan Chen , Huajie Chen , Zaiwen Wen

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is one of the most widely used techniques for online optimization in machine learning. In this work, we accelerate SGD by adaptively learning how to sample the most useful training examples at each time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-16 Guillaume Bouchard , Théo Trouillon , Julien Perez , Adrien Gaidon

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a popular algorithm for optimization problems arising in high-dimensional inference tasks. Here one produces an estimator of an unknown parameter from independent samples of data by iteratively…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-23 Gerard Ben Arous , Reza Gheissari , Aukosh Jagannath

Motivated by broad applications in reinforcement learning and machine learning, this paper considers the popular stochastic gradient descent (SGD) when the gradients of the underlying objective function are sampled from Markov processes.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-02 Thinh T. Doan , Lam M. Nguyen , Nhan H. Pham , Justin Romberg

Stream stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a simple and efficient method for solving online optimization problems in operations research (OR), where data is generated by parameter-dependent Markov chains. Unlike traditional approaches…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Xiang Li , Jiadong Liang , Xinyun Chen , Zhihua Zhang

We study a variation of vanilla stochastic gradient descent where the optimizer only has access to a Markovian sampling scheme. These schemes encompass applications that range from decentralized optimization with a random walker (token…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-26 Mathieu Even

We consider the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm driven by a general stochastic sequence, including i.i.d noise and random walk on an arbitrary graph, among others; and analyze it in the asymptotic sense. Specifically, we employ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Jie Hu , Vishwaraj Doshi , Do Young Eun

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a powerful optimization technique that is particularly useful in online learning scenarios. Its convergence analysis is relatively well understood under the assumption that the data samples are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Ethan Che , Jing Dong , Xin T. Tong

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is an estimation tool for large data employed in machine learning and statistics. Due to the Markovian nature of the SGD process, inference is a challenging problem. An underlying asymptotic normality of…

Computation · Statistics 2025-03-27 Rahul Singh , Abhinek Shukla , Dootika Vats

We study online covariance matrix estimation for Polyak--Ruppert averaged stochastic gradient descent (SGD). The online batch-means estimator of Zhu, Chen and Wu (2023) achieves an operator-norm convergence rate of $O(n^{-(1-\alpha)/4})$,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yijin Ni , Xiaoming Huo

The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm has been widely used in statistical estimation for large-scale data due to its computational and memory efficiency. While most existing works focus on the convergence of the objective function…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-02 Xi Chen , Jason D. Lee , Xin T. Tong , Yichen Zhang

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a popular algorithm for minimizing objective functions that arise in machine learning. For constant step-sized SGD, the iterates form a Markov chain on a general state space. Focusing on a class of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-26 David Shirokoff , Philip Zaleski

In recent literature, a general two step procedure has been formulated for solving the problem of phase retrieval. First, a spectral technique is used to obtain a constant-error initial estimate, following which, the estimate is refined to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-10 Yan Shuo Tan , Roman Vershynin

Online learning naturally arises in many statistical and machine learning problems. The most widely used methods in online learning are stochastic first-order algorithms. Among this family of algorithms, there is a recently developed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-05 Yiling Luo , Xiaoming Huo , Yajun Mei

This work investigates the performance of the final iterate produced by stochastic gradient descent (SGD) under temporally dependent data. We consider two complementary sources of dependence: $(i)$ martingale-type dependence in both the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Yinan Shen , Yichen Zhang , Wen-Xin Zhou

We introduce data structures for solving robust regression through stochastic gradient descent (SGD) by sampling gradients with probability proportional to their norm, i.e., importance sampling. Although SGD is widely used for large scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Sepideh Mahabadi , David P. Woodruff , Samson Zhou

In this dissertation we propose alternative analysis of distributed stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms that rely on spectral properties of the data covariance. As a consequence we can relate questions pertaining to speedups and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-09-03 Avleen S. Bijral
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