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Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) theory is widely used to study the dynamics of infinitely-wide deep neural networks (DNNs) under gradient descent. But do the results for infinitely-wide networks give us hints about the behavior of real…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Mariia Seleznova , Gitta Kutyniok

Given the complexity of genetic risk prediction, there is a critical need for the development of novel methodologies that can effectively capture intricate genotype--phenotype relationships (e.g., nonlinear) while remaining statistically…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-03 Heng Ge , Qing Lu

Deep neural networks have become essential for numerous applications due to their strong empirical performance such as vision, RL, and classification. Unfortunately, these networks are quite difficult to interpret, and this limits their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Sina Alemohammad , Hossein Babaei , CJ Barberan , Naiming Liu , Lorenzo Luzi , Blake Mason , Richard G. Baraniuk

Despite their immense promise in performing a variety of learning tasks, a theoretical understanding of the limitations of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has so far eluded practitioners. This is partly due to the inability to determine the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Saad Qadeer , Andrew Engel , Amanda Howard , Adam Tsou , Max Vargas , Panos Stinis , Tony Chiang

This paper presents two models of neural-networks and their training applicable to neural networks of arbitrary width, depth and topology, assuming only finite-energy neural activations; and a novel representor theory for neural networks in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-27 Alistair Shilton , Sunil Gupta , Santu Rana , Svetha Venkatesh

This work studies the neural tangent kernel (NTK) of the deep equilibrium (DEQ) model, a practical ``infinite-depth'' architecture which directly computes the infinite-depth limit of a weight-tied network via root-finding. Even though the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Zhili Feng , J. Zico Kolter

The neural tangent kernel is a kernel function defined over the parameter distribution of an infinite width neural network. Despite the impracticality of this limit, the neural tangent kernel has allowed for a more direct study of neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-09 Ronaldas Paulius Lencevičius

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) characterizes the behavior of infinitely wide neural nets trained under least squares loss by gradient descent. However, despite its importance, the super-quadratic runtime of kernel methods limits the use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Amir Zandieh

At initialization, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are equivalent to Gaussian processes in the infinite-width limit, thus connecting them to kernel methods. We prove that the evolution of an ANN during training can also be described by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Arthur Jacot , Franck Gabriel , Clément Hongler

Recent research shows that the following two models are equivalent: (a) infinitely wide neural networks (NNs) trained under l2 loss by gradient descent with infinitesimally small learning rate (b) kernel regression with respect to so-called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Sanjeev Arora , Simon S. Du , Zhiyuan Li , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Ruosong Wang , Dingli Yu

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) characterizes how a model's state evolves over Gradient Descent. Computing the full NTK matrix is often infeasible, especially for recurrent architectures. Here, we introduce a matrix-free perspective, using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 James Hazelden

The evolution of a deep neural network trained by the gradient descent can be described by its neural tangent kernel (NTK) as introduced in [20], where it was proven that in the infinite width limit the NTK converges to an explicit limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Jiaoyang Huang , Horng-Tzer Yau

In this paper, we leverage a recent deep kernel representer theorem to connect kernel based learning and (deep) neural networks in order to understand their interplay. In particular, we show that the use of special types of kernels yields…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Tizian Wenzel , Gabriele Santin , Bernard Haasdonk

The neural tangent kernel (NTK) has garnered significant attention as a theoretical framework for describing the behavior of large-scale neural networks. Kernel methods are theoretically well-understood and as a result enjoy algorithmic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Jonathan Wenger , Felix Dangel , Agustinus Kristiadi

In this article a surprising result is demonstrated using the neural tangent kernel. This kernel is defined as the inner product of the vector of the gradient of an underlying model evaluated at training points. This kernel is used to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Matt Calder

Neural networks are known for their ability to approximate smooth functions, yet they fail to generalize perfectly to unseen inputs when trained on discrete operations. Such operations lie at the heart of algorithmic tasks such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Artur Back de Luca , George Giapitzakis , Kimon Fountoulakis

Neural tangent kernels (NTKs) are a powerful tool for analyzing deep, non-linear neural networks. In the infinite-width limit, NTKs can easily be computed for most common architectures, yielding full analytic control over the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Max Guillen , Philipp Misof , Jan E. Gerken

Motivated by both theory and practice, we study how random pruning of the weights affects a neural network's neural tangent kernel (NTK). In particular, this work establishes an equivalence of the NTKs between a fully-connected neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Hongru Yang , Zhangyang Wang

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), defined as $\Theta_\theta^f(x_1, x_2) = \left[\partial f(\theta, x_1)\big/\partial \theta\right] \left[\partial f(\theta, x_2)\big/\partial \theta\right]^T$ where $\left[\partial f(\theta,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Roman Novak , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Samuel S. Schoenholz

While deep learning has achieved remarkable success across a wide range of applications, its theoretical understanding of representation learning remains limited. Deep neural kernels provide a principled framework to interpret…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yong-Ming Tian , Shuang Liang , Shao-Qun Zhang , Feng-Lei Fan