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Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) is a popular data-driven method to approximate the Koopman operator for deterministic and stochastic (control) systems. This operator is linear and encompasses full information on the (expected…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-12-19 Friedrich Philipp , Manuel Schaller , Karl Worthmann , Sebastian Peitz , Feliks Nüske

The Koopman operator and extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) as a data-driven technique for its approximation have attracted considerable attention as a key tool for modeling, analysis, and control of complex dynamical systems.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Philipp Schmitz , Lea Bold , Friedrich M. Philipp , Mario Rosenfelder , Peter Eberhard , Henrik Ebel , Karl Worthmann

The Koopman operator is beneficial for analyzing nonlinear and stochastic dynamics; it is linear but infinite-dimensional, and it governs the evolution of observables. The extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) is one of the famous…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-18 Jun Ohkubo

We rigorously derive novel error bounds for extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) to approximate the Koopman operator for discrete- and continuous time (stochastic) systems; both for i.i.d. and ergodic sampling under non-restrictive…

This paper extends the Willems' Fundamental Lemma to nonlinear control-affine systems using the Koopman bilinear realization. This enables us to bypass the Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD)-based system identification step in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Zuxun Xiong , Zhenyi Yuan , Keyan Miao , Han Wang , Jorge Cortes , Antonis Papachristodoulou

Koopman operator theory shows how nonlinear dynamical systems can be represented as an infinite-dimensional, linear operator acting on a Hilbert space of observables of the system. However, determining the relevant modes and eigenvalues of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Daniel J. Alford-Lago , Christopher W. Curtis , Alexander T. Ihler , Opal Issan

This paper presents a data-driven approach for designing state observers for continuous-time nonlinear systems, where an extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) procedure is used to identify an approximate linear lifted model. Since such…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-03 Xiuzhen Ye , Wentao Tang

Numerical approximation methods for the Koopman operator have advanced considerably in the last few years. In particular, data-driven approaches such as dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and its generalization, the extended-DMD (EDMD), are…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2017-10-25 Qianxiao Li , Felix Dietrich , Erik M. Bollt , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

Extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) is a data-driven algorithm for approximating spectral data of the Koopman operator associated to a dynamical system, combining a Galerkin method of order N and collocation method of order M.…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-04-15 Elliz Akindji , Julia Slipantschuk , Oscar F. Bandtlow , Wolfram Just

We propose an analytical construction of observable functions in the extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) algorithm. EDMD is a numerical method for approximating the spectral properties of the Koopman operator. The choice of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-06 Marcos Netto , Yoshihiko Susuki , Venkat Krishnan , Yingchen Zhang

Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) is a widely used data-driven algorithm for estimating the Koopman Operator. EDMD extends Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) by lifting the snapshot data using nonlinear dictionary functions before…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-07 Dipankar Maity , Debdipta Goswami

We derive a data-driven method for the approximation of the Koopman generator called gEDMD, which can be regarded as a straightforward extension of EDMD (extended dynamic mode decomposition). This approach is applicable to deterministic and…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-03-18 Stefan Klus , Feliks Nüske , Sebastian Peitz , Jan-Hendrik Niemann , Cecilia Clementi , Christof Schütte

We consider nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) schemes without stabilizing terminal conditions, where the model used in the optimization step is generated based on input-output data only. We establish exponential stability for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Lea Bold , Irene Schimperna , Karl Worthmann , Johannes Köhler

Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) is a data-driven tool for forecasting and model reduction of dynamics, which has been extensively taken up in the physical sciences. While the method is conceptually simple, in deterministic chaos…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-18 Caroline L. Wormell

This paper describes a method for learning low-dimensional approximations of nonlinear dynamical systems, based on neural-network approximations of the underlying Koopman operator. Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) provides a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-01-17 Samuel E. Otto , Clarence W. Rowley

The Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) and the more general Extended DMD (EDMD) are powerful tools for computational analysis of dynamical systems in data-driven scenarios. They are built on the theoretical foundation of the Koopman…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-06 Zlatko Drmač , Ela Đimoti

Nonlinear coupled systems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. The analysis and modeling of such systems is challenging due to their high dimensionality and complex interactions among subsystems. In recent years, operator-theoretic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Tatsuya Naoi , Jun Ohkubo

We develop a novel EDMD-type algorithm that captures the spectrum of the Koopman operator defined on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of analytic functions. This method, which we call analytic EDMD, relies on an orthogonal projection on…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-01-16 Alexandre Mauroy , Igor Mezic

In this paper, a data-driven nonparametric approach is presented for forecasting the probability density evolution of stochastic dynamical systems. The method is based on stochastic Koopman operator and extended dynamic mode decomposition…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-10-12 Meng Zhao , Lijian Jiang

Data-driven surrogate models of dynamical systems based on the extended dynamic mode decomposition are nowadays well-established and widespread in applications. Further, for non-holonomic systems exhibiting a multiplicative coupling between…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Lea Bold , Hannes Eschmann , Mario Rosenfelder , Henrik Ebel , Karl Worthmann